This study examined the role of first language (L1) transparency in intra-orthographic effects on second language (L2) pronunciation by studying L2 learners with a non-alphabetic and orthographically opaque L1 and an alphabetic L2. Relations between orthographic effects, phonological awareness, and L2 proficiency were examined. Fifty-four Cantonese-speaking English as a second language (ESL) learners participated in Experiment 1 with orthographic effect tasks (homophone and silent-letter read-aloud) and phonological awareness tasks. Thirty Cantonese-speaking and 30 Mandarin-speaking ESL learners participated in Experiment 2 with orthographic effect tasks and an L2 proficiency task. The L2 pronunciation of Cantonese and Mandarin participants was subjected to intra-orthographic effects. Phonological awareness and L2 proficiency were associated with less orthographic effects on L2 pronunciation in Cantonese participants. Mandarin participants did not subject to more orthographic effects than Cantonese participants when controlling L2 proficiency, implying that shared alphabetic scripts between Pinyin and English did not interfere with L2 production. Overall, transferring the L1 reading strategy that relies on orthography to decode phonology to L2 reading seemed not to be the key mechanism behind intra-orthographic effects. L2 graphemes were likely to be decoded with incorrect L2 grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences, resulting in intra-orthographic effects.

中文翻译：

---

正字法对使用非字母和正字法不透明 L1 的 ESL 学习者的 L2 生产和 L2 熟练程度的影响

本研究通过研究使用非字母和正字法不透明的 L1 和字母 L2 的 L2 学习者，检查第一语言 (L1) 透明度在正字法内对第二语言 (L2) 发音的影响中的作用。对正字法效应、语音意识和二语熟练程度之间的关系进行了检查。54 名讲粤语的英语作为第二语言 (ESL) 学习者参与了实验 1 的正字法效果任务（同音字和无声字母朗读）和语音意识任务。30 名讲粤语和 30 名讲普通话的 ESL 学习者参加了实验 2，其中包括正字法效果任务和二语能力任务。粤语和普通话参与者的二语发音受到正字法内的影响。语音意识和二语熟练程度与粤语参与者二语发音的正字法影响较小有关。在控制二语熟练程度时，普通话参与者并没有比粤语参与者受到更多的正字法影响，这意味着拼音和英语之间共享的字母脚本不会干扰二语的产生。总的来说，将依赖正字法解码音系的母语阅读策略转移到二语阅读似乎并不是拼字法内效应背后的关键机制。L2 字素很可能被解码为不正确的 L2 字素到音素对应关系，从而导致正字法内效应。在控制二语熟练程度时，普通话参与者并没有比粤语参与者受到更多的正字法影响，这意味着拼音和英语之间共享的字母脚本不会干扰二语的产生。总的来说，将依赖正字法解码音系的母语阅读策略转移到二语阅读似乎并不是拼字法内效应背后的关键机制。L2 字素很可能被解码为不正确的 L2 字素到音素对应关系，从而导致正字法内效应。在控制二语熟练程度时，普通话参与者并没有比粤语参与者受到更多的正字法影响，这意味着拼音和英语之间共享的字母脚本不会干扰二语的产生。总的来说，将依赖正字法解码音系的母语阅读策略转移到二语阅读似乎并不是拼字法内效应背后的关键机制。L2 字素很可能被解码为不正确的 L2 字素到音素对应关系，从而导致正字法内效应。