Tornadic storms with a tornado intensity of F2 or stronger on the Fujita scale that occurred in recent years (between 2013 and 2020) in Germany were analysed in detail. The 20 tornadoes, which developed on 17 different days, occurred in various parts of Germany. The majority of the analysed tornadoes occurred from May to early September. The other four events are typical cold-season cases that differ from the warm-season cases in some aspects which are discussed where applicable. Similarities and differences of the prevailing synoptic and mesoscale conditions are assessed in addition to the convective environment of the events. On the majority of the analysed tornadic days, the event happened on the forward flank of a long wave trough that was slowly propagating eastward. The second typical situation is a short wave trough passing rather fast over the area of interest from West to East. All cold-season cases occurred in high shear, low CAPE environments. Furthermore, the type of convection is analysed using a multi-source approach to best characterise the events. For this purpose, radar reflectivity and rotation data were combined with lightning detection in order to analyse the tornadic storms with respect to storm mode and storm evolution as well as lightning and rotation characteristics. The most common convective mode is linearly organised convection followd by multicellular storms. In many of the warm-season cases, radar radial wind data showed a persistent rotation track. The lightning activity of the warm-season season tornadic storms was high. In many cases, a lightning jump occurred between 5 and 120 minutes before the event.

中文翻译：

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中欧重大龙卷风事件分析：天气情况和对流发展

详细分析了德国近年来（2013 年至 2020 年）发生的藤田级龙卷风强度 F2 或更强的龙卷风风暴。在 17 个不同的日子里形成的 20 场龙卷风发生在德国的不同地区。大多数分析的龙卷风发生在 5 月至 9 月初。其他四个事件是典型的冷季案例，在某些方面与暖季案例不同，在适用的地方进行了讨论。除了事件的对流环境外，还评估了普遍天气和中尺度条件的异同。在分析的大部分龙卷风日中，事件发生在缓慢向东传播的长波槽的前侧。第二种典型情况是短波槽从西向东快速经过感兴趣的区域。所有冷季病例都发生在高剪切、低 CAPE 环境中。此外，使用多源方法分析对流类型以最好地表征事件。为此，将雷达反射率和旋转数据与闪电探测相结合，以分析龙卷风暴的风暴模式和风暴演变以及闪电和旋转特征。最常见的对流模式是线性组织的对流，然后是多细胞风暴。在许多暖季案例中，雷达径向风数据显示出持续的旋转轨迹。暖季龙卷风暴的闪电活动很高。在许多情况下，