Error-based learning is one of the basic skill acquisition mechanisms that can be modeled as a perception–action system and investigated based on brain–behavior analysis during skill training. Here, the error-related chain of mental processes is postulated to depend on the skill level leading to a difference in the contextual switching of the brain states on error commission. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to compare error-related brain states, measured with multi-modal portable brain imaging, between experts and novices during the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) “suturing and intracorporeal knot-tying” task (FLS complex task)—the most difficult among the five psychomotor FLS tasks. The multi-modal portable brain imaging combined functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) for brain–behavior analysis in thirteen right-handed novice medical students and nine expert surgeons. The brain state changes were defined by quasi-stable EEG scalp topography (called microstates) changes using 32-channel EEG data acquired at 250 Hz. Six microstate prototypes were identified from the combined EEG data from experts and novices during the FLS complex task that explained 77.14% of the global variance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) found that the proportion of the total time spent in different microstates during the 10-s error epoch was significantly affected by the skill level (p < 0.01), the microstate type (p < 0.01), and the interaction between the skill level and the microstate type (p < 0.01). Brain activation based on the slower oxyhemoglobin (HbO) changes corresponding to the EEG band power (1–40 Hz) changes were found using the regularized temporally embedded Canonical Correlation Analysis of the simultaneously acquired fNIRS–EEG signals. The HbO signal from the overlying the left inferior frontal gyrus—opercular part, left superior frontal gyrus—medial orbital, left postcentral gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus—medial orbital cortical areas showed significant (p < 0.05) difference between experts and novices in the 10-s error epoch. We conclude that the difference in the error-related chain of mental processes was the activation of cognitive top-down attention-related brain areas, including left dorsolateral prefrontal/frontal eye field and left frontopolar brain regions, along with a ‘focusing’ effect of global suppression of hemodynamic activation in the experts, while the novices had a widespread stimulus(error)-driven hemodynamic activation without the ‘focusing’ effect.

中文翻译：

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在复杂的手术运动任务中使用脑电图结合功能性近红外光谱分析错误相关的大脑状态

基于错误的学习是基本技能获取机制之一，可以建模为感知-行动系统，并在技能训练期间基于大脑-行为分析进行研究。在这里，假设与错误相关的心理过程链取决于技能水平，从而导致错误委托时大脑状态的上下文切换不同。因此，本文的目的是比较专家和新手在腹腔镜手术基础 (FLS)“缝合和体内打结”任务（FLS 复合体）中与错误相关的大脑状态，这些状态是通过多模态便携式脑成像测量的任务）——五个心理运动 FLS 任务中最困难的。多模态便携式脑成像结合了功能性近红外光谱 (fNIRS) 和脑电图 (EEG)，用于对 13 名惯用右手的医学新手和 9 名外科医生进行大脑行为分析。使用以 250 Hz 采集的 32 通道脑电图数据，通过准稳定脑电图头皮地形图（称为微状态）变化来定义大脑状态变化。在解释 77.14% 的全局方差的 FLS 复杂任务期间，从专家和新手的组合 EEG 数据中识别出六个微状态原型。方差分析 (ANOVA) 发现，在 10 秒错误时期内，在不同微状态下花费的总时间比例受技能水平 (p < 0.01)、微状态类型 (p < 0.01) 和交互作用的显着影响在技​​能水平和微状态类型之间 (p < 0.01)。使用同时获取的 fNIRS-EEG 信号的正则化时间嵌入典型相关分析，发现基于对应于 EEG 频带功率（1-40 Hz）变化的较慢氧合血红蛋白 (HbO) 变化的大脑激活。来自覆盖左侧额下回-盖部、左侧额上回-内侧眶、左侧中央后回、左侧颞上回、右侧额上回-内侧眶皮质区域的 HbO2 信号显示显着 (p < 0.05) 差异10 秒错误时期的专家和新手。我们得出结论，与错误相关的心理过程链的差异是自上而下的注意力相关脑区的激活，包括左背外侧前额叶/额叶眼区和左额极脑区，