In this study, we assessed metacognition in nonnative language speech perception and production. Spanish novice learners of French identified and produced the French vowel contrast /ø/–/œ/ and, on each trial, rated their confidence in their responses. Participants’ confidence in perception predicted their identification accuracy, suggesting that novice learners’ metacognitive skills in nonnative speech perception are efficient at the onset of language learning. However, participants’ confidence in production did not align with a fine-grained precision measure of their own production (indexed by Mahalanobis distance to the native French target-vowel space) nor with a categorical measure of production (in terms of being within/outside the native speakers’ zone), indicating that metacognition in nonnative sound production is not yet efficient in novice learners. Overall, confidence ratings were similar and highly correlated between the perception and production tasks, but there was no association between the two domains in task performance or metacognitive ability. We discuss the ramifications of these findings for language learning theories and language teaching strategies as well as for the ongoing debate about the perception–production relationship.

中文翻译：

---

第二语言语音感知和生产中的元认知

在这项研究中，我们评估了非母语语音感知和生产中的元认知。西班牙法语初学者识别并产生法语元音对比 /ø/–/œ/，并在每次试验中评估他们对自己的回答的信心。参与者对感知的信心预测了他们的识别准确性，这表明新手学习者在非母语语音感知方面的元认知技能在语言学习开始时是有效的。然而，参与者对生产的信心与他们自己生产的细粒度精确测量（由马哈拉诺比斯到法国本土目标元音空间的距离索引）或生产的分类测量（在内部/外部方面）不一致母语人士区），表明非母语声音产生中的元认知在新手学习者中还不是有效的。总体而言，感知和生产任务之间的置信度相似且高度相关，但任务绩效或元认知能力这两个领域之间没有关联。我们讨论了这些发现对语言学习理论和语言教学策略的影响，以及关于感知-产生关系的持续争论。