Nutrition influences health throughout the life course. Good nutrition increases the probability of good pregnancy outcomes, proper childhood development, and healthy aging, and it lowers the probability of developing common diet-related chronic diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Despite the importance of diet and health, studying these exposures is among the most challenging in population sciences research. US and global food supplies are complex; eating patterns have shifted such that half of meals are eaten away from home, and there are thousands of food ingredients with myriad combinations. These complexities make dietary assessment and links to health challenging both for population sciences research and for public health policy and practice. Furthermore, most studies evaluating nutrition and health usually rely on self-report instruments prone to random and systematic measurement error. Scientific advances involve developing nutritional biomarkers and then applying these biomarkers as stand-alone nutritional exposures or for calibrating self-reports using specialized statistics.

中文翻译：

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提高人口科学研究中食物和营养摄入评估的能力

营养影响整个生命过程的健康。良好的营养可以增加良好妊娠结局、适当的儿童发育和健康老龄化的可能性，并降低罹患与饮食相关的常见慢性疾病的可能性，包括肥胖、心血管疾病、癌症和 2 型糖尿病。尽管饮食和健康很重要，但研究这些暴露是人口科学研究中最具挑战性的工作之一。美国和全球的粮食供应很复杂；饮食模式发生了变化，一半的饭菜是在外面吃的，而且食物成分有数千种，组合方式也多种多样。这些复杂性使得饮食评估及其与健康的联系对人口科学研究以及公共卫生政策和实践都构成挑战。此外，大多数评估营养和健康的研究通常依赖于自我报告工具，容易出现随机和系统测量误差。科学进步涉及开发营养生物标志物，然后将这些生物标志物用作独立的营养暴露或使用专门的统计数据校准自我报告。