The cingulate gyrus (CG) is a frequently studied yet not wholly understood area of the human cerebrum. Previous studies have implicated CG in different adaptive cognitive–emotional functions and fascinating or debilitating symptoms. We describe an unusual loss of gravity perception/floating sensation in consecutive persons with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing electrical cortical stimulation (ECS), network analysis, and network robustness mapping. Using Intracranial–EEG, Granger causality analysis, cortico-cortical evoked potentials, and fMRI, we explicate the functional networks arising from this phenomenon's anterior, middle, and posterior cingulate cortex. Fifty-four icEEG cases from 2013 to 2019 were screened. In 40.7% of cases, CG was sampled and in 22.2% the sampling was bilateral. ECS mapping was carried out in 18.5% of the entire cohort and 45.4% of the cingulate sampled cases. Five of the ten CG cases experienced symptoms during stimulation. A total of 1942 electrodes were implanted with a median number of 182 electrode contacts per patient (range: 106–274). The electrode contacts sampled all major cortex regions. Sixty-three contacts were within CG. Of those, 26 were electrically stimulated; 53.8% of the stimulated contacts produced positive responses, whereas 46.2% produced no observable responses. Our study reports a unique perceptive phenomenon of a subjective sense of weightlessness/floating sensation triggered by anterior and posterior CG stimulation, in 30% of cases and 21.42% of electrode stimulation sites. Notable findings include functional connections between the insula, the posterior and anterior cingulate cortex, and networks between the middle cingulate and the frontal and temporal lobes and the cerebellum. We also postulate a vestibular–cerebral–cingulate network responsible for the perception of gravity while suggesting that cingulate functional connectivity follows a long-term developmental trajectory as indicated by a robust, positive correlation with age and the extent of Granger connectivity (r = 0.82, p = 0.0035). We propose, in conjunction with ECS techniques, that a better understanding of the underlying gravity perception networks can lead to promising neuromodulatory clinical applications. This study provides Class II evidence for CG's involvement in the higher order processing of gravity perception and related actions.

中文翻译：

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基于重力感知的年龄依赖性前庭扣带-大脑网络：一项横断面多模态研究

扣带回 (CG) 是一个经常被研究但尚未完全了解的人类大脑区域。以前的研究已经将 CG 与不同的适应性认知-情绪功能以及迷人或虚弱的症状联系起来。我们描述了在连续进行皮层电刺激 (ECS)、网络分析和网络稳健性映射的耐药性癫痫患者中重力感知/漂浮感异常丧失。使用颅内脑电图、格兰杰因果关系分析、皮质-皮质诱发电位和功能磁共振成像，我们解释了由这种现象的前、中和后扣带皮层产生的功能网络。筛选了 2013 年至 2019 年的 54 例 icEEG 病例。在 40.7% 的病例中，对 CG 进行了取样，在 22.2% 的病例中，取样是双侧的。18年进行了ECS测绘。整个队列的 5% 和扣带回抽样病例的 45.4%。十个 CG 病例中有五个在刺激过程中出现症状。总共植入了 1942 个电极，每位患者的电极触点中位数为 182 个（范围：106-274）。电极触点对所有主要皮层区域进行了采样。63 个联系人在 CG 中。其中，26 人接受了电刺激；53.8% 的受刺激接触产生了积极反应，而 46.2% 没有产生可观察到的反应。我们的研究报告了一种独特的感知现象，即由前后 CG 刺激触发的主观失重感/漂浮感，在 30% 的病例和 21.42% 的电极刺激部位。值得注意的发现包括脑岛、后扣带皮层和前扣带皮层之间的功能连接，以及中扣带回与额叶、颞叶和小脑之间的网络。我们还假设前庭-大脑-扣带回网络负责感知重力，同时表明扣带回功能连接遵循长期发展轨迹，如与年龄和 Granger 连接程度的稳健正相关所示（r = 0.82， p = 0.0035）。我们建议，结合 ECS 技术，更好地理解潜在的重力感知网络可以带来有前途的神经调节临床应用。这项研究为 CG 参与重力感知和相关动作的高阶处理提供了 II 类证据。我们还假设前庭-大脑-扣带回网络负责感知重力，同时表明扣带回功能连接遵循长期发展轨迹，如与年龄和 Granger 连接程度的稳健正相关所示（r = 0.82， p = 0.0035）。我们建议，结合 ECS 技术，更好地理解潜在的重力感知网络可以带来有前途的神经调节临床应用。这项研究为 CG 参与重力感知和相关动作的高阶处理提供了 II 类证据。我们还假设前庭-大脑-扣带回网络负责感知重力，同时表明扣带回功能连接遵循长期发展轨迹，如与年龄和 Granger 连接程度的稳健正相关所示（r = 0.82， p = 0.0035）。我们建议，结合 ECS 技术，更好地理解潜在的重力感知网络可以带来有前途的神经调节临床应用。这项研究为 CG 参与重力感知和相关动作的高阶处理提供了 II 类证据。与年龄和 Granger 连接程度呈正相关 (r = 0.82, p = 0.0035)。我们建议，结合 ECS 技术，更好地理解潜在的重力感知网络可以带来有前途的神经调节临床应用。这项研究为 CG 参与重力感知和相关动作的高阶处理提供了 II 类证据。与年龄和 Granger 连接程度呈正相关 (r = 0.82, p = 0.0035)。我们建议，结合 ECS 技术，更好地理解潜在的重力感知网络可以带来有前途的神经调节临床应用。这项研究为 CG 参与重力感知和相关动作的高阶处理提供了 II 类证据。