Abstract

This study analyses intersectional perspective in relation to criminal legal justice in Pakistani society - a South Asian country with more than 220 million population. By drawing on insights from the women inmates and a criminal lawyer through qualitative interviews, the study probed the encounters of these women with criminal legal system and society. These women were incarcerated in drug-related offenses, murder, injury, and sex work. The study has found that social status identity (e.g., education and income), religious and gender identity of the women inmates experience the negative stereotyping, inadequate legal support, and discrimination in men’s dominated criminal justice system of Pakistan. The religious identity of the women inmates further overlaps in the legal system which can increase their vulnerability for discrimination in the criminal law that specifically deals with drug-related offenses. In relation to gender, women prisoners who are young and mothers with children allegedly incarcerated in murder were more vulnerable to patriarchal biasness and barriers of reintegration into family and community. The study has suggested skill-based education, establishment of free legal and reintegration service and oversight of police officials who register criminal cases against women offenders to prevent their religious and gender-based biasness while registering such cases.

摘要

本研究分析了巴基斯坦社会（一个拥有超过 2.2 亿人口的南亚国家）与刑事法律正义相关的交叉视角。通过定性访谈，借鉴女囚犯和刑事律师的见解，该研究探讨了这些女性与刑事法律制度和社会的遭遇。这些妇女因与毒品有关的犯罪、谋杀、受伤和从事性工作而被监禁。研究发现，在巴基斯坦男性主导的刑事司法系统中，女性囚犯的社会地位认同（如教育和收入）、宗教和性别认同经历了负面的刻板印象、法律支持不足和歧视。女性囚犯的宗教身份在法律体系中进一步重叠，这可能增加她们在专门针对与毒品有关的犯罪的刑法中受到歧视的可能性。关于性别，年轻的女囚犯和据称因谋杀而被监禁的孩子的母亲更容易受到重男轻女的偏见和重新融入家庭和社区的障碍。该研究建议开展以技能为基础的教育、建立免费的法律和重返社会服务以及监督登记针对女性罪犯的刑事案件的警官，以防止她们在登记此类案件时出现宗教和性别偏见。年轻的女囚犯和据称因谋杀而被监禁的孩子的母亲更容易受到重男轻女的偏见和重新融入家庭和社区的障碍。该研究建议开展以技能为基础的教育、建立免费的法律和重返社会服务以及监督登记针对女性罪犯的刑事案件的警官，以防止她们在登记此类案件时出现宗教和性别偏见。年轻的女囚犯和据称因谋杀而被监禁的孩子的母亲更容易受到重男轻女的偏见和重新融入家庭和社区的障碍。该研究建议开展以技能为基础的教育、建立免费的法律和重返社会服务以及监督登记针对女性罪犯的刑事案件的警官，以防止她们在登记此类案件时出现宗教和性别偏见。