The molecular processes underlying human health and disease are highly complex. Often, genetic and environmental factors contribute to a given disease or phenotype in a non-additive manner, yielding a gene–environment (G × E) interaction. In this work, we broadly review current knowledge on the impact of gene–environment interactions on human health. We first explain the independent impact of genetic variation and the environment. We next detail well-established G × E interactions that impact human health involving environmental toxicants, pollution, viruses, and sex chromosome composition. We conclude with possibilities and challenges for studying G × E interactions.

人类健康和疾病的分子过程非常复杂。通常，遗传和环境因素以非累加方式促成特定疾病或表型，从而产生基因-环境 (G × E) 相互作用。在这项工作中，我们广泛回顾了当前关于基因-环境相互作用对人类健康影响的知识。我们首先解释遗传变异和环境的独立影响。接下来，我们将详细介绍影响人类健康的成熟 G × E 相互作用，涉及环境毒物、污染、病毒和性染色体组成。我们总结了研究 G × E 相互作用的可能性和挑战。