MoS₂ has been increasingly used in place of graphene as a flexible and multifunctional 2D material in many biomedical applications such as cancer detection and drug delivery, which makes it crucial to evaluate downstream compatibility in human immune cells. Molybdenum is a component of stainless-steel stent implants and has previously been implicated in stent hypersensitivity. In view of this, it is important to ascertain the effect of MoS₂ on allergy-relevant cells. Basophils are a less commonly used immune cell type. Unlike mast cells, basophils can be easily derived from primary human blood and can act as a sentinel for allergy. However, merely testing any one type of MoS₂ in basophils could result in different biological results. We thus decided to compare 2D MoS₂ from the two companies BeDimensional© (BD) and Biograph Solutions (BS), manufactured with two different but commonly exploited methods (BD, deoxycholate surfactant in a high-pressure liquid exfoliation, and BS using glycine in ball-milling exfoliation) to elucidate immunological end-points common to both MoS₂ and to demonstrate the need for biological verification for end-users who may require a change of supplier. We report higher histamine production in human basophils with MoS₂. No effects on either surface basophil activation markers CD63 and CD203c or reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell viability were observed. However, different cytokine production patterns were evidenced. IL-6 and IL-1β but not TNF and GM-CSF were increased for both MoS₂. BS-MoS₂ increased IL-4, while BD-MoS₂ decreased IL-4 and increased IL-13. Molybdate ion itself only increased IL-1β and IL-4. Deoxycholate surfactant decreased viability at 18 h and increased ROS upon basophil activation. Therefore, these results demonstrate the safety of MoS₂ in human basophils in general and highlight the importance of considering manufacturer additives and variability when selecting and investigating 2D materials such as MoS₂.

MoS ₂作为一种灵活的多功能二维材料，越来越多地用于替代石墨烯，用于许多生物医学应用，例如癌症检测和药物输送，这使得评估人体免疫细胞的下游相容性变得至关重要。钼是不锈钢支架植入物的成分，以前曾与支架过敏有关。鉴于此，重要的是确定MoS ₂对过敏相关细胞的影响。嗜碱性粒细胞是一种不太常用的免疫细胞类型。与肥大细胞不同，嗜碱性粒细胞可以很容易地从原代人血液中提取，并且可以作为过敏的哨兵。然而，仅测试任何一种类型的 MoS ₂在嗜碱性粒细胞中可能会导致不同的生物学结果。因此，我们决定比较来自 BeDimensional© (BD) 和 Biograph Solutions (BS) 这两家公司的 2D MoS ₂，它们采用两种不同但常用的方法制造（BD，高压液体去角质中的脱氧胆酸盐表面活性剂，以及使用甘氨酸的 BS球磨去角质）以阐明 MoS ₂共有的免疫学终点，并证明对可能需要更换供应商的最终用户进行生物验证的必要性。_{我们报告了 MoS 2}在人嗜碱性粒细胞中产生更高的组胺. 未观察到对表面嗜碱性粒细胞激活标记 CD63 和 CD203c 或活性氧 (ROS) 产生和细胞活力的影响。然而，证明了不同的细胞因子产生模式。_{IL-6 和 IL-1β 但不是 TNF 和 GM-CSF 对于两种 MoS 2}都增加了。BS-MoS ₂增加IL-4，而BD-MoS ₂减少IL-4并增加IL-13。钼酸根离子本身只增加IL-1β和IL-4。脱氧胆酸盐表面活性剂在 18 小时时降低了活力，并在嗜碱性粒细胞激活后增加了 ROS。因此，这些结果总体上证明了 MoS ₂在人嗜碱性粒细胞中的安全性，并强调了在选择和研究二维材料（例如 MoS）时考虑制造商添加剂和可变性的重要性₂ .