The constant pursuit of alternative energy sources stimulates the rapid exploitation of energy storage systems. Compared to alkali metal-ion batteries, aqueous transition-metal ion batteries have captured increasing attention because of their high safety, eco-friendliness, abundant resources, and low cost. More importantly, their multivalent chemistry offers opportunities to realize storage technologies with higher energy. Although these bright prospects have fostered progress in recent years, practical deployment of these batteries has been denied by several scientific and technological issues including sluggish reaction kinetics, poor electrochemical reversibility, and low material stability. In this comprehensive overview, we focus on the materials and electrochemistry of several booming aqueous transition-metal ion batteries such as Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn-ion systems. State-of-the-art progress accompanied with the solutions to addressing the above-mentioned issues are highlighted. A particular focus is laid on zinc-ion batteries, which are ready to become commercially available. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions in the field are also outlined. We anticipate that this review will supply a clear understanding of the current status and meaningful guidelines for researchers in developing aqueous transition-metal ion batteries.

中文翻译：

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水性过渡金属离子电池：材料和电化学

对替代能源的不断追求刺激了储能系统的快速开发。与碱金属离子电池相比，水系过渡金属离子电池因其安全性高、环境友好、资源丰富、成本低廉而受到越来越多的关注。更重要的是，它们的多价化学提供了实现更高能量存储技术的机会。尽管这些光明的前景近年来取得了进展，但这些电池的实际部署却因反应动力学缓慢、电化学可逆性差和材料稳定性低等一些科学和技术问题而被阻碍。在这篇全面的概述中，我们重点关注几种蓬勃发展的水性过渡金属离子电池的材料和电化学，例如锌、铜、铁和锰离子系统。重点介绍了最先进的进展以及解决上述问题的解决方案。特别关注的是锌离子电池，该电池已准备好投入商用。最后，还概述了该领域剩余的挑战和未来的方向。我们预计这篇综述将为开发水性过渡金属离子电池的研究人员提供对现状的清晰了解和有意义的指导。