Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) consists of the delivery of a constant positive pressure in the airways by means of a noninvasive interface aiming to maintain airway patency throughout the entire respiratory cycle. PEEP is increasingly used in the chronic care of children with anatomical or functional abnormalities of the upper airways to correct severe persistent obstructive sleep apnea despite optimal management which commonly includes adenotonsillectomy in young children. PEEP may be used at any age, due to improvements in equipment and interfaces. Criteria for CPAP/NIV initiation, optimal setting, follow-up and monitoring, as well as weaning criteria have been established by international experts, but validated criteria are lacking. As chronic PEEP is a highly specialised treatment, patients should be managed by an expert pediatric multidisciplinary team.

中文翻译：

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阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停儿童长期护理中的呼气末正压

呼气末正压 (PEEP) 是指通过无创接口在气道中输送恒定的正压，旨在在整个呼吸周期中保持气道通畅。 PEEP 越来越多地用于上呼吸道解剖或功能异常儿童的长期护理，以纠正严重的持续性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停，尽管最佳治疗通常包括幼儿腺扁桃体切除术。由于设备和接口的改进，PEEP 可在任何年龄使用。国际专家已制定了 CPAP/NIV 启动、最佳设置、随访和监测以及脱机标准的标准，但缺乏经过验证的标准。由于慢性 PEEP 是一种高度专业化的治疗，患者应由儿科多学科专家团队管理。