Synthetic porous carbons (SPCs) are important materials in fundamental research and industrial applications due to their diverse structures at different dimensions, intriguing physio-chemical properties, exceptional thermal and chemical stability, etc. In particular, the features including high electron conductivity, accessible active surface/interface, and developed porosity warrant their superior performances in clean energy storage and conversion. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in SPCs, serving as electrodes for this ever-increasing energy storage and conversion-related directions, e.g., supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, etc. We emphasized rational design and targeted synthesis of SPCs based on bottom-up strategy, the effective methods for precise tuning of their core parameters, and the disclosure of their structure-performance correlations. The challenges of fine-tuning surface chemistry by doping heteroatoms, engineering defective sites, and optimizing compositions are discussed, which could endow the SPCs with new functions and potential applications. Finally, we outlined the developing trend and design principle of the new generation of SPCs for clean energy storage and conversion. We expect that this review could inspire interdisciplinary activities between the synthesis, physical and chemical studies of SPCs and other potential applications in addition to energy storage and conversion.

中文翻译：

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用于清洁能源储存和转换的合成多孔碳

合成多孔碳（SPC）因其不同尺寸的多样化结构、有趣的物理化学性质、优异的热稳定性和化学稳定性等而成为基础研究和工业应用中的重要材料。特别是，高电子电导率、易获得的活性等特点表面/界面和发达的孔隙率保证了它们在清洁能源存储和转换方面的卓越性能。在这篇综述中，我们总结了SPC的最新进展，作为不断增长的能量存储和转换相关方向的电极，例如超级电容器、可充电电池、燃料电池等。我们强调基于SPC的合理设计和有针对性的合成自下而上的策略，精确调整其核心参数的有效方法，以及揭示其结构与性能的相关性。讨论了通过掺杂杂原子、工程缺陷位点和优化成分来微调表面化学的挑战，这可以赋予SPC新的功能和潜在的应用。最后，我们概述了用于清洁能源存储和转换的新一代SPC的发展趋势和设计原理。我们期望这次审查能够激发 SPC 的合成、物理和化学研究以及除能量存储和转换之外的其他潜在应用之间的跨学科活动。