In this study, a multifunctional poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane was developed through chemical binding with ZnO-Ag nanocomposites to increase wastewater treatment efficiency. The unique characteristics of ZnO-Ag nanocomposites endowed the membrane with high surface hydrophilicity, organic/bio fouling resistance, and photocatalytic antibacterial activity. The significantly decreased water contact angle and increased under-water oil contact angle suggested improved surface hydrophilicity and organic fouling resistance. Through factorial analysis, it was found that the antibacterial activity of the multifunctional membrane could be significantly improved under visible light condition and with ZnO-Ag nanocomposites which obtained under higher Ag concentration and sintering temperature. The increase of Ag composition of ZnO-Ag nanocomposites on modified membrane surface significantly improved the membrane antibacterial activity but had little effect on membrane hydrophilicity. In addition, the photocatalytic antibacterial activity of ZnO-Ag nanocomposites could further improve the membrane biofouling resistance through simple exposure to visible light. The effects of different Ag chemical states on the performances of ZnO-Ag nanocomposites and the corresponding modified membranes were studied, and the relevant mechanism of antibacterial activity under both dark and light conditions was discussed. Filtration experiments with secondary wastewater effluent as feed solution indicated that the developed membrane exhibited one order of magnitude larger permeate flux compared to the pristine PVDF membrane, while maintaining comparable bacteria rejection rates during the filtration process.

中文翻译：

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用于废水处理和污垢缓解的 ZnO-Ag 纳米复合材料涂层多功能 PVDF 膜：因素和机理分析

在这项研究中，通过与 ZnO-Ag 纳米复合材料的化学结合开发了一种多功能聚偏二氟乙烯 (PVDF) 膜，以提高废水处理效率。ZnO-Ag纳米复合材料的独特特性赋予膜高表面亲水性、抗有机/生物污染性和光催化抗菌活性。水接触角的显着降低和水下油接触角的增加表明表面亲水性和抗有机污染性得到改善。通过析因分析发现，在可见光条件下以及在更高的银浓度和烧结温度下获得的 ZnO-Ag 纳米复合材料可以显着提高多功能膜的抗菌活性。改性膜表面ZnO-Ag纳米复合材料Ag组成的增加显着提高了膜的抗菌活性，但对膜的亲水性影响不大。此外，ZnO-Ag纳米复合材料的光催化抗菌活性可以通过简单的可见光照射进一步提高膜的抗生物污染性。研究了不同Ag化学态对ZnO-Ag纳米复合材料及相应改性膜性能的影响，并探讨了其在暗光和光照条件下抗菌活性的相关机制。以二级废水流出物作为进料溶液的过滤实验表明，与原始 PVDF 膜相比，开发的膜表现出大一个数量级的渗透通量，