Multilevel modeling (MLM) is an approach for meta-analyzing single-case experimental designs (SCED). In this paper, we provide a step-by-step guideline for using the MLM to meta-analyze SCED time-series data. The MLM approach is first presented using a basic three-level model, then gradually extended to represent more realistic situations of SCED data, such as modeling a time variable, moderators representing different design types and multiple outcomes, and heterogeneous within-case variance. The presented approach is then illustrated using real SCED data. Practical recommendations using the MLM approach are also provided for applied researchers based on the current methodological literature. Available free and commercial software programs to meta-analyze SCED data are also introduced, along with several hands-on software codes for applied researchers to implement their own studies. Potential advantages and limitations of using the MLM approach to meta-analyzing SCED are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

使用多级建模对单案例实验设计进行荟萃分析。

多级建模 (MLM) 是一种对单案例实验设计 (SCED) 进行荟萃分析的方法。在本文中，我们提供了使用 MLM 对 SCED 时间序列数据进行元分析的分步指南。MLM 方法首先使用基本的三级模型提出，然后逐渐扩展以表示 SCED 数据的更真实情况，例如对时间变量建模、代表不同设计类型和多种结果的调节器以及异质案例内方差。然后使用真实的 SCED 数据说明所提出的方法。还根据当前的方法论文献为应用研究人员提供了使用 MLM 方法的实用建议。还介绍了用于对 SCED 数据进行元分析的可用免费和商业软件程序，以及供应用研究人员实施自己的研究的几个实用软件代码。讨论了使用 MLM 方法对 SCED 进行荟萃分析的潜在优点和局限性。