Electrofuels, fuels produced from electricity, water, and carbon or nitrogen, are of interest as substitutes for fossil fuels in all energy and chemical sectors. This paper focuses on electrofuels for transportation, where some can be used in existing vehicle/vessel/aircraft fleets and fueling infrastructure. The aim of this study is to review publications on electrofuels and summarize costs and environmental performance. A special case, denoted as bio-electrofuels, involves hydrogen supplementing existing biomethane production (e.g. anaerobic digestion) to generate additional or different fuels. We use costs, identified in the literature, to calculate harmonized production costs for a range of electrofuels and bio-electrofuels. Results from the harmonized calculations show that bio-electrofuels generally have lower costs than electrofuels produced using captured carbon. Lowest costs are found for liquefied bio-electro-methane, bio-electro-methanol, and bio-electro-dimethyl ether. The highest cost is for electro-jet fuel. All analyzed fuels have the potential for long-term production costs in the range 90–160 € MWh⁻¹. Dominant factors impacting production costs are electrolyzer and electricity costs, the latter connected to capacity factors (CFs) and cost for hydrogen storage. Electrofuel production costs also depend on regional conditions for renewable electricity generation, which are analyzed in sensitivity analyses using corresponding CFs in four European regions. Results show a production cost range for electro-methanol of 76–118 € MWh⁻¹ depending on scenario and region assuming an electrolyzer CAPEX of 300–450 € kW_elec ⁻¹ and CFs of 45%–65%. Lowest production costs are found in regions with good conditions for renewable electricity, such as Ireland and western Spain. The choice of system boundary has a large impact on the environmental assessments. The literature is not consistent regarding the environmental impact from different CO₂ sources. The literature, however, points to the fact that renewable energy sources are required to achieve low global warming impact over the electrofuel life cycle.

中文翻译：

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审查电燃料的可行性——成本和环境影响

电燃料，即由电、水和碳或氮产生的燃料，作为所有能源和化学部门中化石燃料的替代品都受到关注。本文重点介绍用于运输的电燃料，其中一些可用于现有的车辆/船只/飞机机队和燃料基础设施。本研究的目的是审查有关电燃料的出版物并总结成本和环境绩效。一种特殊情况，表示为生物电燃料，涉及氢气补充现有的生物甲烷生产（例如厌氧消化）以产生额外的或不同的燃料。我们使用文献中确定的成本来计算一系列电燃料和生物电燃料的协调生产成本。统一计算的结果表明，生物电燃料的成本通常低于使用捕获的碳生产的电燃料。液化生物电甲烷、生物电甲醇和生物电二甲醚的成本最低。成本最高的是电喷气燃料。所有经过分析的燃料的长期生产成本都可能在 90–160 € MWh 范围内^-1。影响生产成本的主要因素是电解槽和电力成本，后者与容量因素 (CF) 和储氢成本有关。电燃料生产成本还取决于可再生能源发电的区域条件，这些条件在四个欧洲区域使用相应的 CF 在敏感性分析中进行了分析。结果显示，电甲醇的生产成本范围为 76–118 € MWh ⁻¹，具体取决于情景和地区，假设电解槽 CAPEX 为 300–450 € kW _elec ⁻¹CF 为 45%–65%。在可再生电力条件良好的地区，如爱尔兰和西班牙西部，生产成本最低。系统边界的选择对环境评价有很大的影响。_{关于不同CO 2}源对环境的影响，文献并不一致。然而，文献指出这样一个事实，即需要可再生能源才能在电燃料生命周期内实现较低的全球变暖影响。