The presence of nanoplastics in the environment has been proven. There is now an urgent need to determine how nanoplastics behave in the environment and to assess the risks they may pose. Here, we examine nanoplastic homo- and heteroaggregation, with a focus on environmentally relevant nanoplastic particle models. We made a systematic analysis of experimental studies, and ranked the environmental relevance of 377 different solution chemistries, and 163 different nanoplastic particle models. Since polymer latex spheres are not environmentally relevant (due to their monodisperse size, spherical shape, and smooth surface), their aggregation behavior in natural conditions is not transferable to nanoplastics. A few recent studies suggest that nanoplastic particle models that more closely mimic incidentally produced nanoplastics follow different homoaggregation pathways than latex sphere particle models. However, heteroaggregation of environmentally relevant nanoplastic particle models has seldom been studied. Despite this knowledge gap, the current evidence suggests that nanoplastics may be more sensitive to heteroaggregation than previously expected. We therefore provide an updated hypothesis about the likely environmental fate of nanoplastics. Our review demonstrates that it is essential to use environmentally relevant nanoplastic particle models, such as those produced with top-down methods, to avoid biased interpretations of the fate and impact of nanoplastics. Finally, it will be necessary to determine how the heteroaggregation kinetics of nanoplastics impact their settling rate to truly understand nanoplastics' fate and effect in the environment.

纳米塑料在环境中的存在已得到证实。现在迫切需要确定纳米塑料在环境中的表现并评估它们可能带来的风险。在这里，我们研究了纳米塑料的同聚和异聚，重点是与环境相关的纳米塑料颗粒模型。我们对实验研究进行了系统分析，并对 377 种不同溶液化学和 163 种不同纳米塑料颗粒模型的环境相关性进行了排名。由于聚合物乳胶球与环境无关（由于它们的单分散尺寸、球形和光滑的表面），它们在自然条件下的聚集行为不能转移到纳米塑料上。最近的一些研究表明，与乳胶球粒子模型相比，更接近于模拟偶然产生的纳米塑料的纳米塑料粒子模型遵循不同的均聚途径。然而，很少研究与环境相关的纳米塑料颗粒模型的异质聚集。尽管存在这种知识差距，但目前的证据表明，纳米塑料可能比之前预期的对异质聚集更敏感。因此，我们提供了关于纳米塑料可能的环境归宿的最新假设。我们的审查表明，必须使用与环境相关的纳米塑料颗粒模型，例如使用自上而下方法生成的模型，以避免对纳米塑料的命运和影响做出有偏见的解释。最后，