Purpose of Review

To synthesize recent evidence relating the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Recent Findings

A few cross-sectional studies have reported on the gut microbiome and cardiovascular outcomes in the context of HIV, with no consistent patterns emerging. The largest such study found that gut Fusobacterium was associated with carotid artery plaque. More studies have evaluated microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide with CVD risk in PLWH, but results were inconsistent, with recent prospective analyses showing null effects. Studies of other microbial metabolites are scarce. Microbial translocation biomarkers (e.g., lipopolysaccharide binding protein) have been related to incident CVD in PLWH.

Summary

Microbial translocation may increase CVD risk in PLWH, but there is insufficient and/or inconsistent evidence regarding specific microbial species and microbial metabolites associated with cardiovascular outcomes in PLWH. Further research is needed in large prospective studies integrating the gut microbiome, microbial translocation, and microbial metabolites with cardiovascular outcomes in PLWH.

中文翻译：

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HIV 感染者的肠道微生物组、微生物代谢物和心血管疾病

审查目的

综合有关肠道微生物组和微生物代谢物与 HIV 感染者 (PLWH) 心血管疾病 (CVD) 相关的最新证据。

最近的发现

一些横断面研究报告了 HIV 背景下的肠道微生物组和心血管结局，但没有出现一致的模式。最大的此类研究发现肠道梭杆菌与颈动脉斑块有关。更多研究评估了微生物代谢物三甲胺 N-氧化物与 PLWH 中的 CVD 风险，但结果不一致，最近的前瞻性分析显示无效效应。对其他微生物代谢物的研究很少。微生物易位生物标志物（例如，脂多糖结合蛋白）与 PLWH 中的 CVD 事件有关。

概括

微生物易位可能会增加 PLWH 的 CVD 风险，但关于特定微生物种类和微生物代谢物与 PLWH 心血管结局相关的证据不足和/或不一致。需要进一步研究大型前瞻性研究，将肠道微生物组、微生物易位和微生物代谢物与 PLWH 的心血管结果相结合。