This study investigates the associations of adolescents' financial socialization factors—financial education in school and families—with financial confidence (i.e., confidence in using financial and digital financial services). In addition, we examine how financial socialization factors indirectly relate to financial literacy skills through financial confidence and the role of demographic factors (adolescent gender, grade level, parental education, family wealth) on financial socialization, financial confidence, and financial literacy scores. We used data on the 4328 Finnish 15-year-olds participating in the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). We measured financial literacy by cognitive test items and assessed financial socialization and financial confidence by adolescent questionnaires. First, the results showed that financial education in school positively predicted adolescents' confidence in using financial and digital financial services. Second, financial education at schools and in families indirectly predicted students' financial literacy through confidence in using digital financial services. Third, older adolescents were more exposed to financial education at school and in families, whereas adolescents from wealthier families and girls (vs. boys) were exposed to a more frequent discussion of financial matters with parents at home. Furthermore, the boys were more confident in using financial services than the girls, although the financial literacy score did not differ by gender; older adolescents were more confident in using financial services and achieved better financial literacy than younger ones. Finally, higher parental education in the family related to higher financial literacy but not to higher financial confidence, whereas family wealth was related to higher financial confidence but not financial literacy.

中文翻译：

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学校和家庭环境提升青少年的财务信心：芬兰 PISA 2018 金融知识技能的间接途径

本研究调查了青少年金融社会化因素（学校和家庭的金融教育）与金融信心（即对使用金融和数字金融服务的信心）之间的关联。此外，我们还研究了金融社会化因素如何通过金融信心和人口统计因素（青少年性别、年级、父母教育、家庭财富）对金融社会化、金融信心和金融素养分数的作用间接与金融知识技能相关。我们使用了参加 2018 年国际学生评估计划 (PISA) 的 4328 名芬兰 15 岁儿童的数据。我们通过认知测试项目衡量金融素养，并通过青少年问卷调查评估金融社会化和金融信心。第一的，结果表明，学校的金融​​教育可以积极预测青少年对使用金融和数字金融服务的信心。其次，学校和家庭的金融教育通过对使用数字金融服务的信心间接预测学生的金融素养。第三，年龄较大的青少年在学校和家庭中更容易接受金融教育，而来自富裕家庭的青少年和女孩（相对于男孩）在家中与父母更频繁地讨论财务问题。此外，男孩比女孩更有信心使用金融服务，尽管金融知识得分没有因性别而异；与年轻的青少年相比，年龄较大的青少年对使用金融服务更有信心并且获得了更好的金融知识。最后，