Mycotoxins (MYTs), a class of low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi in food and feed, pose serious global threat to both human health and world economy. Due to their mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive effects, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified various MYTs under Group 1 to 3 category with aflatoxins being designated under Group 1 category (carcinogenic to humans). Also, the presence of MYTs in trace amounts in diverse food matrices necessitates exploration of highly sensitive methods for onsite analysis. Although conventional chromatographic methods are highly sensitive, they are expensive, tedious and cannot be applied for rapid onsite analysis. In recent years the application of nanomaterials especially carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) in the fabrication of low-cost and miniaturized electrochemical and optical sensors has enabled rapid onsite analysis of MYTs with high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the CNMs are employed as effective solid phase extraction (SPE) adsorbents possessing high specific surface area for effective enrichment of MYTs to improve the sensitivity of chromatographic methods for MYT analysis in food. This article aims to overview the recent trends in the application of CNMs as SPE adsorbents for sample pretreatment in chromatographic methods as well as in the fabrication of highly sensitive electrochemical and optical sensors for rapid analysis of MYTs in food. Initially, the efficiency of various functionalized CNMs developed recently as adsorbent in packed SPE cartridges and dispersive SPE adsorbent/purification powder is discussed. Then, their application in the development of various electrochemical immunosensors involving functionalized carbon nanotubes/nanofibers, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots is summarized. In addition, the recent trends in the use of CNMs for fabrication of electrochemical and fluorescence aptasensors as well as some other colorimetry, fluorometry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical based sensors are compared and tabulated. Collectively, this review article can provide a research update on analysis of MYTs by carbon-based nanomaterials paving a way for identifying future perspectives.

中文翻译：

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使用碳基纳米材料分析食品中霉菌毒素的最新趋势。

霉菌毒素 (MYTs) 是食品和饲料中丝状真菌产生的一类低分子量次生代谢产物，对人类健康和世界经济构成严重的全球威胁。由于其致突变、致畸、致癌和免疫抑制作用，国际癌症研究机构将各种 MYT 归类为第 1 组至第 3 类，其中黄曲霉毒素被指定为第 1 组（对人类致癌）。此外，由于微量 MYT 在不同食品基质中的存在，因此有必要探索用于现场分析的高灵敏度方法。虽然传统的色谱方法具有很高的灵敏度，但它们昂贵、繁琐且不能用于快速的现场分析。近年来，纳米材料尤其是碳基纳米材料 (CNM) 在制造低成本和小型化电化学和光学传感器方面的应用使得能够以高灵敏度和特异性快速现场分析 MYT。此外，CNMs 被用作有效的固相萃取 (SPE) 吸附剂，具有高比表面积，可有效富集 MYTs，从而提高色谱方法在食品中 MYT 分析的灵敏度。本文旨在概述 CNMs 作为 SPE 吸附剂在色谱法样品预处理中的应用，以及在制备高灵敏度电化学和光学传感器以快速分析食品中 MYTs 方面的最新趋势。最初，讨论了最近开发的各种功能化 CNM 作为填充 SPE 柱和分散 SPE 吸附剂/纯化粉末中的吸附剂的效率。然后，总结了它们在功能化碳纳米管/纳米纤维、氧化石墨烯、还原氧化石墨烯和石墨烯量子点等各种电化学免疫传感器开发中的应用。此外，比较并列出了使用 CNM 制造电化学和荧光适体传感器以及其他一些比色法、荧光法、表面增强拉曼光谱和基于电化学的传感器的最新趋势。总的来说，这篇评论文章可以提供碳基纳米材料分析 MYT 的研究更新，为确定未来前景铺平道路。