Adaptation has become a priority in global climate change governance since the adoption of the Cancun Adaptation Framework and the Paris Agreement. Adaptation to climate change has been increasingly recognized as a multi-level governance challenge in both the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) regime and academic literature. This recognition often includes, explicitly or implicitly, the role that learning can play across governance levels to accelerate and scale up responses to address adaptation challenges. However, there is no comprehensive assessment in academic literature of how multi-level learning has been considered in the UNFCCC regime, what the enabling factors are, and the outcomes of such learning. Drawing on approaches suggested by multi-level governance and learning literature, this paper seeks to fill this knowledge gap by focusing on the ways in which the UNFCCC multilateral process enables multi-level learning for the governance of adaptation and how it could be enhanced. This will be accomplished through a legal–technical analysis of the enabling factors of multi-level learning in the governance of adaptation under the UNFCCC. Qualitative research methods have been applied for the thematic analysis of selected documentation, complemented by interviews and personal observations of adaptation negotiations in the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. Results are presented according to three research questions oriented to understand how institutional design of adaptation under the UNFCCC enables multi-level learning; the learning strategies adopted across levels of governance; and the way the UNFCCC regime understands the contribution of multi-level learning for adaptation outcomes.

自坎昆适应框架和巴黎协定通过以来，适应已成为全球气候变化治理的优先事项。在《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC) 制度和学术文献中，适应气候变化已越来越多地被视为一项多层次的治理挑战。这种认识通常包括明示或暗示的学习可以在治理层面发挥的作用，以加速和扩大应对适应挑战的反应。然而，学术文献中没有全面评估 UNFCCC 制度如何考虑多层次学习、促成因素是什么以及这种学习的结果。借鉴多层次治理和学习文献建议的方法，本文旨在通过关注《联合国气候变化框架公约》多边进程如何为适应治理实现多层次学习以及如何加强这种学习来填补这一知识空白。这将通过对 UNFCCC 下适应治理中多层次学习的促成因素进行法律-技术分析来实现。定性研究方法已应用于选定文件的主题分析，辅之以对《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《巴黎协定》中适应谈判的访谈和个人观察。结果根据三个研究问题呈现，旨在了解 UNFCCC 下的适应制度设计如何实现多层次学习；跨治理层级采用的学习策略；