ABSTRACT: As the aquaculture sector continues to expand, there is likely to be a growing need to combat infectious diseases. The desire for rapid and effective results means that any concerns about longer-term effects of disease controls are often sidelined. In particular, the well-documented capacity for parasites and pathogens to evolve treatment resistance must not be ignored in aquaculture. Outbreaks of resistant parasites pose significant threats to the environment, as well as to farm production. If an industry wishes to avoid treatment resistance, there must first be committed research into the evolutionary biology of the parasite species. Such research should be incorporated into the early phases of developing and implementing a treatment strategy—the sooner the risk of resistance is identified, the sooner its impacts on aquaculture can be mitigated. Here I discuss a research framework that can help guide this process. A combination of theoretical (reviewing the literature), empirical (testing for heritable resistance) and modelling (simulating evolutionary dynamics) studies is recommended. Armed with the knowledge from these studies, parasite management strategies can then be optimised at a regional scale (e.g. with refugia or treatment combinations) in ways that minimise the potential for adaptation. The interaction between salmonid aquaculture and parasitic sea lice is an ideal case study for this topic, and the insights gained from this system should be considered across aquaculture industries. Nevertheless, there is no one-size-fits-all solution to treatment resistance. For each system, dedicated research into parasite evolutionary biology—with a research framework as a guide—is required for aquaculture to home in on the most sustainable disease management strategies for the future.

中文翻译：

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先发制人的寄生虫适应研究是水产养殖疾病可持续管理的关键

摘要：随着水产养殖业的不断扩大，对抗传染病的需求可能会越来越大。对快速有效结果的渴望意味着对疾病控制的长期影响的任何担忧往往被搁置一旁。特别是，在水产养殖中，寄生虫和病原体进化出治疗抗性的能力已得到充分证明，这一点不容忽视。耐药寄生虫的爆发对环境和农业生产构成重大威胁。如果一个行业希望避免治疗耐药性，则必须首先致力于对寄生虫物种的进化生物学进行研究。此类研究应纳入制定和实施治疗策略的早期阶段——越早确定耐药性风险，越早减轻其对水产养殖的影响。在这里，我讨论了一个可以帮助指导这一过程的研究框架。建议结合理论（回顾文献）、实证（测试可遗传抗性）和建模（模拟进化动力学）研究。有了这些研究的知识，就可以在区域范围内优化寄生虫管理策略（例如，通过避难所或治疗组合），从而最大限度地减少适应的可能性。鲑鱼水产养殖与寄生海虱之间的相互作用是该主题的理想案例研究，从该系统中获得的见解应在整个水产养殖行业中得到考虑。然而，没有一种万能的解决治疗耐药性的方法。对于每个系统，