Background: A robust body of research supports the use of team charters to purposefully create a team culture with shared norms and expectations. However, student teams often treat this requirement as busywork and fail to invest the effort needed to create team charters that prepare the team to adapt for obstacles that they may encounter. Situating the case: Teams that do not engage in effective planning for their collaborations are likely to encounter a range of problems including slackers, domineering teammates, curtailed learning opportunities, and general exclusion from the project work—problems that are often exacerbated on diverse teams and that disproportionately affect marginalized populations. About the case: We created three online modules that help students uncover their own tacit expectations for teamwork, share and merge these expectations, and then construct a team charter and task schedules with their teammates. Methods: We used a quasiexperimental design comparing team charters from control and experimental groups to understand how our modules affected students’ charters at a university with a highly international population. Results: Analyses revealed that control group charters tended to invoke universal team norms and assign punishments for failing to uphold those norms. By contrast, experimental group charters were more flexible, acknowledged competing priorities, evidenced greater planning, and articulated processes that could accommodate individual goals, values, and constraints. Conclusions: Charters created after the modules showed more accommodation of difference; however, more research needs to be done to determine whether the more flexible and elaborated charters improve team behaviors.

中文翻译：

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Planning for Difference：让学生准备好创建灵活而详尽的团队章程，以适应支持多样化的团队

背景：大量研究支持使用团队章程来有目的地创建具有共同规范和期望的团队文化。然而，学生团队通常将此要求视为繁重的工作，而没有投入必要的精力来创建团队章程，使团队做好准备以适应他们可能遇到的障碍。案例分析：不参与有效协作规划的团队可能会遇到一系列问题，包括懒惰者、专横跋扈的队友、学习机会减少以及项目工作中的普遍排斥——这些问题在不同团队和团队中往往会加剧这对边缘化人群的影响尤为严重。关于案例：我们创建了三个在线模块，帮助学生发现自己对团队合作的默认期望，分享和合并这些期望，然后与队友一起构建团队章程和任务时间表。方法：我们使用准实验设计比较来自控制组和实验组的团队章程，以了解我们的模块如何影响一所拥有高度国际化人口的大学的学生章程。结果：分析表明，控制组章程倾向于援引普遍的团队规范，并对未能遵守这些规范的行为进行惩罚。相比之下，实验组章程更灵活，承认相互竞争的优先事项，证明有更好的计划，以及可以适应个人目标、价值观和约束的清晰流程。结论：模块后创建的章程显示出更多的差异适应性；然而，需要做更多的研究来确定更灵活和详细的章程是否会改善团队行为。