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The Evolution of Diabetes Treatment Through the Ages: From Starvation Diets to Insulin, Incretins, SGLT2-Inhibitors and Beyond
Journal of the Indian Institute of Science ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2023-02-21 , DOI: 10.1007/s41745-023-00357-w
Sunder Mudaliar 1, 2
Affiliation  

Diabetes is an ancient disease and for centuries extreme diets and herbal remedies were used to treat diabetes symptoms. The discovery of insulin in 1921 transformed the landscape of diabetes treatment and was followed by the discovery of several new therapies which improved glycemia and increased patient life span. However, as patients with diabetes lived longer, they developed classic microvascular and macrovascular diabetes complications. In the 1990s, the DCCT and the UKPDS trials demonstrated that tight glucose control reduced the microvascular complications of diabetes, but had marginal effects on cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes. In 2008, the FDA directed that all new diabetes medications demonstrate cardiovascular safety. From this recommendation emerged novel therapeutic classes, the GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2-Inhibitors, which not only improve glycemia, but also provide robust cardio-renal protection. In parallel, developments in diabetes technology like continuous glucose monitoring systems, insulin pumps, telemedicine and precision medicine have advanced diabetes management. Remarkably, a century later, insulin remains a cornerstone of diabetes treatment. Also, diet and physical activity remain important components of any diabetes treatment. Today type 2 diabetes is preventable and long-term remission of diabetes is possible. Finally, progress continues in the field of islet transplantation, perhaps the ultimate frontier in diabetes management.



中文翻译:

多年来糖尿病治疗的演变:从饥饿饮食到胰岛素、肠促胰岛素、SGLT2 抑制剂等

糖尿病是一种古老的疾病,几个世纪以来,极端饮食和草药疗法被用来治疗糖尿病症状。1921 年胰岛素的发现改变了糖尿病治疗的面貌,随后发现了几种改善血糖和延长患者寿命的新疗法。然而,随着糖尿病患者的寿命延长,他们出现了典型的微血管和大血管糖尿病并发症。在 1990 年代,DCCT 和 UKPDS 试验表明,严格的血糖控制可以减少糖尿病的微血管并发症,但对心血管疾病的影响微乎其微,心血管疾病是糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因。2008 年,FDA 指示所有新的糖尿病药物都证明心血管安全。从这个建议中出现了新的治疗类别,GLP-1 受体激动剂和 SGLT2 抑制剂,它们不仅可以改善血糖,还可以提供强大的心肾保护。与此同时,连续血糖监测系统、胰岛素泵、远程医疗和精准医疗等糖尿病技术的发展促进了糖尿病管理。值得注意的是,一个世纪后,胰岛素仍然是糖尿病治疗的基石。此外,饮食和身体活动仍然是任何糖尿病治疗的重要组成部分。今天,2 型糖尿病是可以预防的,而且糖尿病的长期缓解是可能的。最后,胰岛移植领域继续取得进展,这可能是糖尿病管理的最终前沿。连续血糖监测系统、胰岛素泵、远程医疗和精准医疗等糖尿病技术的发展促进了糖尿病管理。值得注意的是,一个世纪后,胰岛素仍然是糖尿病治疗的基石。此外,饮食和身体活动仍然是任何糖尿病治疗的重要组成部分。今天,2 型糖尿病是可以预防的,而且糖尿病的长期缓解是可能的。最后,胰岛移植领域继续取得进展,这可能是糖尿病管理的最终前沿。连续血糖监测系统、胰岛素泵、远程医疗和精准医疗等糖尿病技术的发展促进了糖尿病管理。值得注意的是,一个世纪后,胰岛素仍然是糖尿病治疗的基石。此外,饮食和身体活动仍然是任何糖尿病治疗的重要组成部分。今天,2 型糖尿病是可以预防的,而且糖尿病的长期缓解是可能的。最后,胰岛移植领域继续取得进展,这可能是糖尿病管理的最终前沿。今天,2 型糖尿病是可以预防的,而且糖尿病的长期缓解是可能的。最后,胰岛移植领域继续取得进展,这可能是糖尿病管理的最终前沿。今天,2 型糖尿病是可以预防的,而且糖尿病的长期缓解是可能的。最后,胰岛移植领域继续取得进展,这可能是糖尿病管理的最终前沿。

更新日期:2023-02-21
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