Improving water productivity for rice production and maintaining water quality are grave concerns in many Asian countries. Animal manure application has the potential to improve soil nutrient status and alter soil hydraulic properties, but its application timing can variably influence nutrient release to nearby water bodies and the water productivity. We quantified the water productivity, rice yield, and nutrient leaching and runoff potential in irrigated fields under different manure application scenarios, namely no manure applied (NoM), dry manure applied in winter (DMW), fresh manure applied in winter (FMW), and dry manure applied in summer (DMS). Manure application significantly increased the grain yield (31, 44, and 46% by DMW, FMW, and DMS, respectively) and straw yield compared to the NoM scenario. The DMS scenario gave the highest yield (6.8 Mg/ha) and harvesting index (44.8%). The irrigation requirement and percolation loss decreased under the DMW and DMS scenarios. The scenarios with manure application had higher water productivity (0.51–0.64 kg/m³) than the NoM scenario (0.39 kg/m³). Manure application did not influence the leaching and runoff loss potential of N; however, NoM had the highest leaching concentration of N (5.25 mg/L). The highest concentrations of P in leachate (0.52 mg/L) and ponded water (3 mg/L) were observed for DMS, followed by the FMW scenario. The DMS scenario showed higher agronomic performance with a higher risk of nutrient spreading. To reduce the nutrient spreading in the monsoon with no considerable yield loss, the DMW can be the best scenario in this study area. A long-term study could comprehensively clarify the effects of these practices on soil health and water quality.

提高水稻生产用水效率和保持水质是许多亚洲国家的严重关切。施用动物粪便具有改善土壤养分状况和改变土壤水力特性的潜力，但其施肥时机会对附近水体的养分释放和水生产力产生不同的影响。我们量化了不同肥料施用情景下灌溉田的水生产力、水稻产量、养分淋失和径流潜力，即不施用肥料（NoM）、冬季施用干肥料（DMW）、冬季施用新鲜肥料（FMW）、和夏季施用的干粪（DMS）。与 NoM 方案相比，施肥显着提高了谷物产量（DMW、FMW 和 DMS 分别提高了 31%、44% 和 46%）和秸秆产量。DMS 情景给出了最高的收益 (6. 8 毫克/公顷）和收获指数（44.8%）。在 DMW 和 DMS 情景下灌溉需求和渗透损失减少。施用粪肥的情景具有更高的水分生产率（0.51–0.64 kg/m³ ) 比 NoM 情景 (0.39 kg/m ³ )。施肥不影响氮的淋溶和径流损失潜力；然而，NoM 的 N 浸出浓度最高 (5.25 mg/L)。在 DMS 中观察到渗滤液 (0.52 mg/L) 和积水 (3 mg/L) 中磷的最高浓度，其次是 FMW 情景。DMS 情景显示出更高的农艺性能和更高的养分扩散风险。为了减少季风中的养分扩散而不造成显着的产量损失，DMW 可能是该研究区的最佳方案。一项长期研究可以全面阐明这些做法对土壤健康和水质的影响。