Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) consists of smart vehicles, Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) as well as roadside units (RSUs) that communicate wirelessly to provide enhanced transportation services such as improved traffic efficiency and reduced traffic congestion and accidents. Unfortunately, current IoV networks suffer from security, privacy, and trust issues. Blockchain technology emerged as a decentralized approach for enhanced security without depending on trusted third parties to run services. Blockchain offers the benefits of trustworthiness and immutability and mitigates the problem of a single point of failure and other attacks. In this work, we present the state-of-the-art Blockchain-enabled IoVs (BIoVs) with a particular focus on their applications, such as crowdsourcing-based applications, energy trading, traffic congestion reduction, collision, accident avoidance, infotainment, and content caching. We also present in-depth applications of federated learning (FL) for BIoVs. The key challenges of integrating Blockchain with IoV are investigated in several domains, such as edge computing, machine learning, and Federated Learning (FL). Lastly, we present several open issues, challenges, and future opportunities in AI-enabled BIoV, hardware-assisted security for BIoV, and quantum computing attacks on BIoV applications.

车联网 (IoV) 包括智能汽车、自动驾驶汽车 (AV) 以及通过无线通信提供增强型交通服务的路边单元 (RSU)，例如提高交通效率、减少交通拥堵和事故。不幸的是，当前的车联网网络存在安全、隐私和信任问题。区块链技术作为一种增强安全性的去中心化方法出现，无需依赖受信任的第三方来运行服务。区块链提供了可信性和不变性的好处，并减轻了单点故障和其他攻击的问题。在这项工作中，我们展示了最先进的支持区块链的车联网 (BIoT)，特别关注它们的应用，例如基于众包的应用、能源交易、减少交通拥堵、碰撞、事故避免、信息娱乐和内容缓存。我们还介绍了针对 BIoT 的联邦学习 (FL) 的深入应用。在边缘计算、机器学习和联合学习 (FL) 等多个领域研究了将区块链与 IoV 集成的主要挑战。最后，我们提出了 AI 支持的 BIoT、BIoT 的硬件辅助安全以及对 BIoT 应用程序的量子计算攻击方面的几个未解决的问题、挑战和未来机遇。