Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.), an annual species of the family Poaceae, is a major weed problem in rice-producing countries throughout the globe. Synthetic herbicides can effectively control this grass in rice paddies, but the development of resistant biotypes after the continuous use of the same active ingredients has led to low herbicide efficacy and yield losses. In this review, a summary of resistant-barnyardgrass cases in global rice production is reported based on data from the International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database. The first case of resistant barnyardgrass in rice paddies was to the photosystem-II inhibitor propanil in the late 1980s. Eighty-five (85) out of 116 cases in the period from 1986 to 2022 refer to resistant barnyardgrass (E. crus-galli var. crus-galli, E. crus-galli var. formosensis and E. crus-galli var. zelayensis) in 16 countries. Barnyardgrass has been found resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors (34 cases), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (23 cases), photosystem-II inhibitors (11 cases), auxin mimics/cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (9 cases), very long chain fatty acid inhibitors (6 cases), and microtubule assembly inhibitors (1 case). The majority of all resistance cases reported to the active ingredients penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, and imazamox (ALS inhibitors), cyhalofop-butyl and fenoxaprop-ethyl (ACCase inhibitors), propanil (photosystem-II inhibitors), and quinclorac (auxin mimics/cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors). Although target-site resistance with specific mutations has been identified, non-target site resistance mainly through herbicide detoxification is also of great concern increasing the chance of multiple herbicide resistance evolution. Rotation of herbicides should be adopted concerning the modes of action used as well as the application methods to mitigate resistance evolution of this weed in rice paddies.

中文翻译：

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全球水稻生产中的抗除草剂稗草 (Echinochloa crus-galli)

稗草 ( Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) 是禾本科一年生植物，是全球水稻生产国的主要杂草问题。合成除草剂可以有效控制稻田中的这种草，但在连续使用相同活性成分后产生抗性生物型导致除草剂药效低下和产量损失。在这篇综述中，根据国际抗除草剂杂草数据库的数据，报告了全球水稻生产中抗性稗草案例的总结。稻田中第一例抗稗草是在 80 年代后期对光系统 II 抑制剂敌稗产生的。1986 年至 2022 年期间的 116 个案例中有八十五 (85) 个涉及抗性稗草 ( E. crus-galli变种。crus-galli, E. crus-galli变种。formosensis和E. crus-galli var。zelayensis) 在 16 个国家。已发现稗草对乙酰乳酸合酶 (ALS) 抑制剂（34 例）、乙酰辅酶 A 羧化酶（ACCase）抑制剂（23 例）、光系统-II 抑制剂（11 例）、生长素模拟物/纤维素生物合成抑制剂（9 例）、极长链脂肪酸抑制剂（6例）、微管组装抑制剂（1例）。大多数耐药病例报告的活性成分是五氟磺草胺、双嘧磺酸钠和甲氧咪草胺（ALS 抑制剂）、氰氟草酯和异恶唑草胺（ACCase 抑制剂）、敌稗（光系统-II 抑制剂）和二氯喹啉酸（生长素模拟物/纤维素生物合成抑制剂）。尽管已经确定了具有特定突变的靶点耐药性，主要通过除草剂解毒的非目标位点抗性也增加了多种除草剂抗性进化的机会。除草剂的作用方式和施用方法应采取轮换使用，以减轻稻田杂草的抗性演变。