Resilience denotes the capacity of a system to withstand shocks and its ability to recover from them. We develop a framework to quantify the resilience of highly volatile, non-equilibrium social organizations, such as collectives or collaborating teams. It consists of four steps: (i) delimitation, i.e. narrowing down the target systems, (ii) conceptualization, i.e. identifying how to approach social organizations, (iii) formal representation using a combination of agent-based and network models, (iv) operationalization, i.e. specifying measures and demonstrating how they enter the calculation of resilience. Our framework quantifies two dimensions of resilience, the robustness of social organizations and their adaptivity, and combines them in a novel resilience measure. It allows monitoring resilience instantaneously using longitudinal data instead of an ex-post evaluation.

弹性表示系统承受冲击的能力及其从冲击中恢复的能力。我们开发了一个框架来量化高度不稳定、非均衡的社会组织（例如集体或协作团队）的弹性。它由四个步骤组成：（i）定界，即缩小目标系统，（ii）概念化，即确定如何处理社会组织，（iii）使用基于代理和网络模型的组合的正式表示，（iv）操作化，即指定措施并展示它们如何进入弹性计算。我们的框架量化了弹性的两个维度，稳健性的社会组织及其适应性，并将它们结合在一种新颖的弹性措施中。它允许使用纵向数据而不是事后评估来即时监控弹性。