Autophagy is a physiological response, activated by a myriad of endogenous and exogenous cues, including DNA damage, perturbation of proteostasis, depletion of nutrients or oxygen and pathogen infection. Upon sensing those stimuli, cells employ multiple non-selective and selective autophagy pathways to promote fitness and survival. Importantly, there are a variety of selective types of autophagy. In this review we will focus on autophagy of bacteria (xenophagy) and autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy). We provide a brief introduction to bulk autophagy, as well as xenophagy and mitophagy, highlighting their common molecular factors. We also describe the role of xenophagy and mitophagy in the detection and elimination of pathogens by the immune system and the adaptive mechanisms that some pathogens have developed through evolution to escape the host autophagic response. Finally, we summarize the recent articles (from the last five years) linking bulk autophagy with xenophagy and/or mitophagy in the context on developmental biology, cancer and metabolism.

中文翻译：

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选择性类型的（宏观）自噬之间的相互作用：线粒体自噬和异体自噬。

自噬是一种生理反应，由无数内源性和外源性信号激活，包括 DNA 损伤、蛋白质稳态扰动、营养或氧气耗尽以及病原体感染。在感知到这些刺激后，细胞会采用多种非选择性和选择性自噬途径来促进健康和生存。重要的是，有多种选择性类型的自噬。在这篇综述中，我们将重点关注细菌的自噬 (xenophagy) 和线粒体的自噬 (mitophagy)。我们简要介绍了大量自噬以及异体自噬和线粒体自噬，重点介绍了它们的共同分子因子。我们还描述了异体自噬和线粒体自噬在免疫系统检测和消除病原体中的作用，以及一些病原体通过进化形成的适应机制，以逃避宿主的自噬反应。最后，我们总结了最近（过去五年）在发育生物学、癌症和新陈代谢方面将大量自噬与异体自噬和/或线粒体自噬联系起来的文章。