In the 19th century, Florence Nightingale pointed to the importance of nursing documentation for the care of patients and the necessity of data-based statistics for quality improvement. The same century, John Snow projected his observations about patients with Cholera on a street map, laying the ground for modern epidemiological science. The historical examples demonstrate that proper data are the foundation of relevant information about individuals and of new scientific evidence. In the ideal case of Ackoff's pyramid, information, knowledge, understanding, and wisdom arise from data.

中文翻译：

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用于医疗保健和健康研究的高质量数据。

19世纪，弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔指出护理记录对于患者护理的重要性以及基于数据的统计对于质量改进的必要性。同世纪，约翰·斯诺将他对霍乱患者的观察结果投射在街道地图上，为现代流行病学奠定了基础。历史例子表明，正确的数据是个人相关信息和新科学证据的基础。在阿科夫金字塔的理想情况下，信息、知识、理解和智慧都源于数据。