Current climatic trends raise concerns about the fate of boreal forests and associated communities. To understand forest vegetation dynamics in the face of future changes, it is necessary to know how trees have responded to past climatic fluctuations. We investigated genetic data and a past distribution based on paleorecords and species distribution modeling data to determine refugia and migration routes of Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica) from the late Pleistocene to the present. Thus, we gained a deep insight into the past of Siberian stone pine. We revealed four genetic clusters of Siberian stone pine located in the following mountain systems of Siberia: the West Sayan and the Altai (WSA), the East Sayan (ES), the Kuznetsk Alatau (KA), and the Urals (U). Paleorecords and species distribution modeling indicated preservation of Siberian stone pine in these mountains and near big lakes (Lake Baikal and Lake Teletskoe) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Nonetheless, processes of migration from these refugia were heterogeneous: WSA has never expanded after the LGM beyond its current range; ES occupied the eastern geographic range of the species; KA and U had common history before the LGM and got isolated during LGM. Moreover, refugia and migration routes of Siberian forest species (Larix sibirica and Abies sibirica) were different from those of P. sibirica despite similar ecological preferences. Pinus sibirica occupied the West Siberian Plain from the Urals and Kuznetsk Alatau, whereas A. sibirica and L. sibirica expanded from Lake Baikal and the Sayan Mountains, respectively. Thus, our results substantially complement existing notions of South Siberia Mountains, Lake Baikal area, and Urals as glacial refugia for Siberian stone pine.

当前的气候趋势引发了人们对北方森林和相关社区命运的担忧。要了解面对未来变化的森林植被动态，有必要了解树木如何应对过去的气候波动。我们根据古记录和物种分布建模数据调查了遗传数据和过去的分布，以确定西伯利亚石松 ( Pinus sibirica ) 的避难所和迁徙路线) 从更新世晚期到现在。由此，我们深入了解了西伯利亚石松的过去。我们揭示了位于西伯利亚以下山区系统的西伯利亚石松的四个遗传簇：西萨彦岭和阿尔泰山 (WSA)、东萨彦岭 (ES)、库兹涅茨克阿拉套山 (KA) 和乌拉尔山 (U)。古记录和物种分布模型表明，在末次盛冰期 (LGM) 期间，这些山区和大湖（贝加尔湖和捷列茨科湖）附近的西伯利亚石松得以保存。尽管如此，从这些避难所迁徙的过程是不同的：WSA 在 LGM 之后从未扩展到超出其当前范围；ES占据了该物种的东部地理范围；KA 和 U 在 LGM 之前有共同的历史，并在 LGM 期间被孤立。而且，Larix sibirica和Abies sibirica ) 与P. sibirica不同，尽管生态偏好相似。Pinus sibirica从乌拉尔山脉和库兹涅茨克阿拉套占据西西伯利亚平原，而A. sibirica和L. sibirica分别从贝加尔湖和萨彦岭扩张。因此，我们的结果大大补充了西伯利亚南部山脉、贝加尔湖地区和乌拉尔作为西伯利亚石松的冰川避难所的现有概念。