Legume/non-legume intercropping combined with biofertilizer application is a sustainable strategy for improving nutrient uptake and crop productivity. This study investigated the effects of biofertilizers and cropping patterns on macro- and micronutrients, seed yield (SY), and physiological characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and dragon’s head (Dracocephalum L.). The treatments included five cropping patterns: dragon’s head monocropping (D_m), chickpea monocropping (C_m), intercropping one row dragon’s head + one row chickpea (1D:1 C), intercropping two rows dragon’s head + one row chickpea (2D:1 C), and intercropping one row dragon’s head + two rows chickpea (1D:2 C), and two biofertilizer applications: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and bacterial biofertilizer (BF). The D_m and C_m treatments with BF produced the maximum SY for chickpea (977.9 kg ha^–1) and dragon’s head (993.6 kg ha^–1). In contrast, the intercropping ratios of 1D:1 C and 2D:1 C with BF produced the highest macro- and micronutrient concentrations for chickpea and dragon’s head, respectively. Also, 1D:1 C and 2D:1 C intercropping with BF produced the highest chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid concentrations in both species. Interestingly, D_m and C_m without fertilization produced the maximum proline (1.68 and 6.01 mg g^–1) and carbohydrate (11.07 and 10.65 mg g^–1) concentrations in chickpea and dragon’s head, respectively. These results indicate that intercropping chickpea and dragon’s head (especially the 2D:1 C intercropping pattern) combined with BF application may pave the way to more sustainable agronomy for improving physiological activities and nutrient uptake.

豆科/非豆科作物间作与生物肥料施用相结合是提高养分吸收和作物生产力的可持续战略。本研究调查了生物肥料和种植模式对鹰嘴豆 ( Cicer arietinum L.) 和龙头 ( Dracocephalum L.) 的常量和微量营养素、种子产量 (SY) 和生理特性的影响。处理包括五种种植模式：龙头单作（D _m），鹰嘴豆单作（C _m), 间作一排龙头+一排鹰嘴豆(1D:1 C), 间作二排龙头+一排鹰嘴豆(2D:1 C), 间作一排龙头+两排鹰嘴豆(1D:2 C) ，以及两种生物肥料应用：丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 和细菌生物肥料 (BF)。使用 BF 的D _m和 C _{m处理产生了鹰嘴豆 (977.9 kg ha} ^–1 ) 和龙头 (993.6 kg ha ^–1)的最大 SY). 相比之下，1D:1 C 和 2D:1 C 与 BF 的间作比例分别为鹰嘴豆和龙头产生了最高的常量和微量营养素浓度。此外，1D:1 C 和 2D:1 C 与 BF 间作在两个物种中产生了最高的叶绿素 a 和 b 以及类胡萝卜素浓度。有趣的是，没有施肥的 D _m和 C _m产生了最大的脯氨酸（1.68 和 6.01 mg g ^–1）和碳水化合物（11.07 和 10.65 mg g ^–1) 浓度分别在鹰嘴豆和龙头中。这些结果表明，鹰嘴豆和龙头间作（特别是 2D:1 C 间作模式）与 BF 应用相结合可能为更可持续的农艺学铺平道路，以改善生理活动和养分吸收。