Putting individual constants and quantifiers into the same syntactic category within first-order language promises to have far-reaching consequences: a syntax of this kind can reveal the potential of any such language, allowing us to realize that a vast class of noun phrases, including non-denoting terms, can be accommodated in the new syntax as expressions suited to being subjects of sentences. In the light of this, a formal system that is an extension of classical first-order logic is developed here, and is equipped with an appropriate semantics. An ontological interpretation of the new logic is then also provided, with several categories of object and notions of existence being distinguished. Last but not least, a modal version of the logic, with some interesting formal features, is proposed.

将单个常量和量词归入一阶语言中的同一句法类别有望产生深远的影响：这种句法可以揭示任何此类语言的潜力，让我们认识到一大类名词短语，包括非指示性术语，可以作为适合作为句子主语的表达方式容纳在新句法中。鉴于此，这里开发了一个作为经典一阶逻辑扩展的形式系统，并配备了适当的语义。然后还提供了对新逻辑的本体论解释，其中区分了几种对象类别和存在概念。最后但同样重要的是，提出了一个具有一些有趣的形式特征的逻辑模态版本。