Th cells, which orchestrate immune responses to various pathogens, differentiate from naïve CD4 T cells into several subsets that stimulate and regulate immune responses against various types of pathogens, as well as a variety of immune-related diseases. Decades of research have revealed that the fate decision processes are controlled by cytokines, cytokine receptor signaling, and master transcription factors that drive the differentiation programs. Since the Th1 and Th2 paradigm was proposed, many subsets have been added to the list. In this review, I will summarize these events, including the fate decision processes, subset functions, transcriptional regulation, metabolic regulation, and plasticity and heterogeneity. I will also introduce current topics of interest.

中文翻译：

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T 辅助细胞分化和功能特化的分子机制。

Th 细胞协调对各种病原体的免疫反应，从幼稚 CD4 T 细胞分化为几个亚群，刺激和调节针对各种类型病原体以及各种免疫相关疾病的免疫反应。数十年的研究表明，命运决定过程受细胞因子、细胞因子受体信号和驱动分化程序的主转录因子控制。自从提出 Th1 和 Th2 范式以来，许多子集已添加到列表中。在这篇综述中，我将总结这些事件，包括命运决定过程、子集功能、转录调控、代谢调控以及可塑性和异质性。我还将介绍当前感兴趣的主题。