The past decade has witnessed significant advances in cancer immunotherapy, particularly through the adoptive transfer of engineered T cells in treating advanced leukemias and lymphomas. Despite these excitements, challenges remain with scale, cost, and ensuring quality control of engineered immune cells, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages. The advent of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), has transformed immunotherapy by providing a scalable, off-the-shelf source of any desired immune cells for basic research, translational studies, and clinical interventions. The tractability of hPSCs for gene editing could also generate homogenous, universal cellular products with custom functionality for individual or combinatory therapeutic applications. This review will explore various immune cell types whose directed differentiation from hPSCs has been achieved and recently adapted for translational immunotherapy and feature forward-looking bioengineering techniques shaping the future of the stem cell field.


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过继免疫疗法：人类多能干细胞视角

过去十年见证了癌症免疫疗法的重大进步，特别是通过过继转移工程化 T 细胞治疗晚期白血病和淋巴瘤。尽管令人兴奋，但工程免疫细胞（包括嵌合抗原受体 (CAR) T、自然杀伤 (NK) 细胞和巨噬细胞）的规模、成本和确保质量控制方面的挑战仍然存在。人类多能干细胞 (hPSC) 的出现，包括人类胚胎干细胞 (hESC) 和诱导多能干细胞 (iPSC)，通过为基础研究提供任何所需免疫细胞的可扩展、现成来源，改变了免疫疗法、转化研究和临床干预。hPSCs 用于基因编辑的易处理性也可以产生同质的、具有针对单个或组合治疗应用的自定义功能的通用蜂窝产品。这篇综述将探索各种免疫细胞类型，这些免疫细胞类型已经实现了从 hPSC 的定向分化，并且最近适用于转化免疫疗法，并具有塑造干细胞领域未来的前瞻性生物工程技术。