ABSTRACT

This article argues that the transition between the early and late Mamlūk Sultanate in Egypt in the 1380s was partially caused by political developments in the Northwest Caucasus. The transition from “Turkish” to “Circassian” mamlūk dominance was facilitated by the rise of new princely elites in the Northwest Caucasus during the bulqaq civil wars in the Ulūs of Jochi (Golden Horde) (1359–1381). These new elites justified their rule through their access to the wider Mediterranean world and its material products. With the end of the bulqaq, these princes lost access to the imperial centres of the Ulūs of Jochi, important sources of these prestige goods. In order to maintain their position in the Mediterranean market, they increasingly raided, enslaved and sold other Northwest Caucasians, which led to a rise in the number of Circassian slaves becoming available in Egypt and Italy.

摘要

本文认为，1380 年代埃及马穆鲁克苏丹国早期和晚期之间的过渡部分是由西北高加索地区的政治发展造成的。术赤乌鲁斯（金帐汗国）（1359-1381）布尔卡克内战期间，西北高加索地区新的王族精英的崛起促进了从“土耳其”到“切尔克斯”马穆鲁克统治的转变。这些新精英通过接触更广阔的地中海世界及其物质产品来证明他们的统治是正当的。随着布尔卡克的结束，这些王子失去了进入术赤乌鲁斯帝国中心的通道，而术赤是这些名贵商品的重要来源。为了维持在地中海市场的地位，他们越来越多地袭击、奴役和出售其他西北高加索人，这导致埃及和意大利的切尔克斯奴隶数量增加。