The visual system must reconstruct the dynamic, three-dimensional (3D) world from ambiguous two-dimensional (2D) retinal images. In this review, we synthesize current literature on how the visual system of nonhuman primates performs this transformation through multiple channels within the classically defined dorsal (where) and ventral (what) pathways. Each of these channels is specialized for processing different 3D features (e.g., the shape, orientation, or motion of objects, or the larger scene structure). Despite the common goal of 3D reconstruction, neurocomputational differences between the channels impose distinct information-limiting constraints on perception. Convergent evidence further points to the little-studied area V3A as a potential branchpoint from which multiple 3D-fugal processing channels diverge. We speculate that the expansion of V3A in humans may have supported the emergence of advanced 3D spatial reasoning skills. Lastly, we discuss future directions for exploring 3D information transmission across brain areas and experimental approaches that can further advance the understanding of 3D vision.

中文翻译：

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支持非人类灵长类动物三维视觉的神经元表征

视觉系统必须从模糊的二维 (2D) 视网膜图像重建动态的三维 (3D) 世界。在这篇综述中，我们综合了关于非人类灵长类动物的视觉系统如何通过经典定义的背侧（哪里）和腹侧（什么）通路内的多个通道执行这种转变的当前文献。每个通道专门用于处理不同的 3D 特征（例如，对象的形状、方向或运动，或更大的场景结构）。尽管 3D 重建有共同的目标，但通道之间的神经计算差异对感知施加了明显的信息限制约束。收敛证据进一步表明，很少研究的区域 V3A 是多个 3D-fugal 处理通道分叉的潜在分支点。我们推测，V3A 在人类中的扩展可能支持了高级 3D 空间推理技能的出现。最后，我们讨论了探索跨大脑区域 3D 信息传输的未来方向以及可以进一步增进对 3D 视觉理解的实验方法。