As integrated circuit (IC) designs become more and more complex, the globalization of the IC supply chain has become inevitable. Because multiple entities are required to design, fabricate, test, and distribute an IC, the need for reliable security and assurance methods to maintain trust throughout the entire supply chain has never been more critical. This tutorial introduces a variety of mixed-signal approaches to combat electronic counterfeiting. An LDO-based odometer capable of accurately classifying ICs as new or aged is presented as a promising method for detecting counterfeit and recycled ICs. Additionally, this tutorial discusses the use of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) as primitives for generating cryptographic keys for digital signatures, encryption, or authentication. The design process of all PUFs is introduced and the key characteristics and evaluation metrics of state-of-the-art PUFs are defined. Finally, to promote digital IP protection, several methods for camouflaged digital gates are presented and analyzed. The threshold voltage defined (TVD) logic families discussed are capable of implementing any N-to-1 logic function and are highly resilient to reverse engineering attacks.

中文翻译：

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打击电子假冒混合信号方法的简要教程

随着集成电路 (IC) 设计变得越来越复杂，IC 供应链的全球化已成为必然。由于需要多个实体来设计、制造、测试和分发 IC，因此对可靠的安全和保证方法以在整个供应链中保持信任的需求从未如此重要。本教程介绍了多种打击电子伪造的混合信号方法。基于 LDO 的里程计能够准确地将 IC 分类为新的或旧的，作为检测假冒和回收 IC 的有前途的方法。此外，本教程还讨论了使用物理不可克隆函数 (PUF) 作为原语来生成用于数字签名、加密或身份验证的加密密钥。介绍了所有 PUF 的设计过程，并定义了最先进 PUF 的关键特征和评估指标。最后，为促进数字知识产权保护，提出并分析了几种伪装数字门的方法。所讨论的阈值电压定义 (TVD) 逻辑系列能够实现任何 N 对 1 逻辑功能，并且对逆向工程攻击具有高度弹性。