This article aims (1) to investigate whether immigrants in the Norwegian population and their descendants differ in their feelings of being socially excluded from society compared with others born in Norway (‘natives’), and (2) to test empirically whether these differences reflect differences in human and economic capital (i.e., education, work, income, and material deprivation) and factors related to minority/majority issues, such as citizenship. The data were drawn from the Norwegian part of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey. The results show that immigrants—especially from Asia, Africa, Latin America, Oceania, non-EU European countries, and descendants of immigrants—feel more socially excluded than natives. For immigrants from Africa, Asia, et al., and Europe other countries, human and economic capital are linked to these differences. Immigrants from Europe other countries did not differ from natives when adjusting for education and work. Differences between natives and immigrants from Africa, Asia, et al. and descendants of immigrants remained even after controlling for various factors. The study indicates that immigrants from outside the Nordic countries with secondary education feel socially excluded to a higher degree than other immigrants. One reason could be that they may have skills not recognised in the Norwegian labour market. The study also finds that immigrants with Norwegian citizenship feel less excluded from society than other immigrants. Length of stay and social recognition are possible explanations for these results.

中文翻译：

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被社会排斥的感觉：教育、劳动力市场状况、收入、贫困或其他问题？

本文旨在 (1) 调查挪威人口中的移民及其后代与在挪威出生的其他人（“当地人”）相比，在被社会排斥的感受上是否存在差异，以及 (2) 实证检验这些差异是否反映了人力和经济资本（即教育、工作、收入和物质匮乏）的差异以及与少数/多数问题相关的因素（例如公民身份）。该数据来自欧盟收入和生活条件统计调查的挪威部分。结果显示，移民——尤其是来自亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲、大洋洲、非欧盟欧洲国家以及移民的后裔——比本地人感觉更受社会排斥。对于来自非洲、亚洲等以及欧洲其他国家的移民来说，人力和经济资本与这些差异有关。来自欧洲其他国家的移民在教育和工作方面与当地人没有什么不同。来自非洲、亚洲等地的本地人和移民之间的差异。即使在控制了各种因素之后，移民的后代仍然存在。研究表明，来自北欧国家以外受过中等教育的移民比其他移民更容易感到被社会排斥。原因之一可能是他们可能拥有挪威劳动力市场不认可的技能。研究还发现，与其他移民相比，拥有挪威公民身份的移民较少感到被社会排斥。停留时间和社会认可度是这些结果的可能解释。