Abstract

The modern use of plain pastures in the Caspian Sea region is accompanied by deflation outbreaks affecting light soils; as a result, barkhan sands and slightly overgrown hilly sands are formed and the resistance of natural forage lands to deflation decreases. In the past century, afforestation amelioration was applied to such sands in dry subhumid areas of the Nogai steppe and they were transformed into silvopastoral lands with strip, narrow-belt, and diffuse layouts of the tree storey. The most commonly used afforestation amelioration technique involved the creation of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) plantings and facilitation of their natural expansion. Silvopastoral lands form nontraditional, environmentally capacious, and sustainable landscapes that are attractive both as pastures for domestic animals and as wildlife habitats. This paper presents data on the state of forest stands, their productivity, structure, and nutritional value of forage produced on silvopastoral lands created on the Bazhigan sand massif and used for many years for unregulated grazing of bovine and small cattle. The studies were conducted in 2018–2021 using methods commonly accepted in forest inventory and geobotany. It has been established that at the age of 20–35 years, Siberian elm and black locust stands reach a height of 5.5–12.0 m and effectively protect soils from deflation and animals from overheating, and produce extra forage. Forage reserves in silvopastoral lands consist of grasses (mainly ephemerals) growing under the tree canopy, available woody greens whose nutritional value is not inferior to the nutritional value of predominant species in grass stands of natural pastures, and grazing phytomass in open areas. The total soil-feeding capacity of silvopastoral lands is up to 6 times higher than the soil-feeding capacity of natural pastures; furthermore, it is less dependent on weather conditions and makes it possible to increase the safe pasture load, grazing livestock numbers, and efficiency of grazing animal husbandry by 2–3 times. Taking the scientifically substantiated bovine cattle (BC) feed consumption norms per 1 kg of gain, on average, 100 ha of silvopastoral lands make it possible to additionally gain some 5 t of beef or an income of 750 000 rubles (at 2021 values).

中文翻译：

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里海地区荒漠土地的林牧转化

摘要

现代里海地区平原牧场的使用伴随着影响轻质土壤的通缩爆发；结果，形成了巴尔干沙和略微杂草丛生的丘陵沙地，天然牧草地对通缩的抵抗力下降。近百年来，诺盖草原干旱半湿润地区对此类沙地进行了造林改良，将其转变为树层呈条带状、窄带状、散布状的林牧区。最常用的造林改良技术包括刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia L.）和西伯利亚榆树（Ulmus pumilaL.) 种植和促进其自然扩张。林牧区形成了非传统的、环境广阔的、可持续的景观，作为家畜的牧场和野生动物的栖息地都很有吸引力。本文提供了有关林分状况、生产力、结构和草料营养价值的数据，这些草料在八枝干沙地块上形成的林牧土地上生产，多年来一直用于不受管制地放牧牛和小牛。这些研究是在 2018-2021 年使用森林清查和地理植物学中普遍接受的方法进行的。已经确定，在 20-35 岁时，西伯利亚榆树和刺槐林的高度达到 5.5-12.0 m，可以有效地保护土壤免受通气和动物过热，并产生额外的草料。林牧草地的草料储备包括生长在树冠下的草（主要是短命植物）、营养价值不低于天然牧场草丛中优势物种营养价值的可用木本绿色植物，以及开阔地带的放牧植物群。林牧地的土壤总供养能力是天然牧场土壤供养能力的6倍；此外，它对天气条件的依赖性较小，可以将安全草场负荷、放牧牲畜数量和放牧畜牧业效率提高 2-3 倍。以科学证实的牛 (BC) 平均每 1 公斤增重的饲料消耗标准，