While there is evidence of the positive influence of trust in cooperation development, in situations where trust is unfeasible, trust-linked elements are needed. In this investigation, trust-linked elements are considered to be contracts, supporting institutions (SIs), and reciprocity. This research aims to determine the role of trust and/or trust-linked elements in the formation of tourism business networks of Brazil and Spain. A quantitative study, using structural equation modelling, was carried out on a sample of 307 lodging companies. The results show that trust remains a key element in the composition of both Brazilian and Spanish business networks, although trust alone may not sufficiently explain collaboration in the tourism industry. This strengthens the argument for employing trust-linked elements to promote cooperation. Contracts and SIs substitute trust, whereas reciprocity complements it. SIs, in particular, play a crucial role in fostering cooperation, without requiring trust or incurring transaction costs, which is a less obvious but nonetheless important service. Networks in tourism destinations are often diverse and adaptable, suggesting that cooperation is idiosyncratic and an ongoing, dynamic process. This investigation concludes that decision-making for enhancing networking capabilities must consider various possibilities aligned with the social embeddedness of the companies in the corresponding tourism destination.

虽然有证据表明信任对合作发展有积极影响，但在信任不可行的情况下，需要与信任相关的因素。在本次调查中，与信任相关的要素被认为是合同、支持机构 (SI) 和互惠。本研究旨在确定信任和/或与信任相关的元素在巴西和西班牙旅游业务网络形成中的作用。使用结构方程模型对 307 家住宿公司的样本进行了定量研究。结果表明，信任仍然是构成巴西和西班牙商业网络的关键因素，尽管仅凭信任可能不足以解释旅游业中的合作。这加强了使用与信任相关的元素来促进合作的论点。合同和 SI 替代信任，而互惠补充它。特别是 SI，在促进合作方面发挥着至关重要的作用，不需要信任或产生交易成本，这是一项不太明显但仍然很重要的服务。旅游目的地的网络通常是多样化和适应性强的，这表明合作是特殊的，并且是一个持续的、动态的过程。该调查的结论是，增强网络能力的决策必须考虑与公司在相应旅游目的地的社会嵌入度相一致的各种可能性。旅游目的地的网络通常是多样化和适应性强的，这表明合作是特殊的，并且是一个持续的、动态的过程。该调查的结论是，增强网络能力的决策必须考虑与公司在相应旅游目的地的社会嵌入度相一致的各种可能性。旅游目的地的网络通常是多样化和适应性强的，这表明合作是特殊的，并且是一个持续的、动态的过程。该调查的结论是，增强网络能力的决策必须考虑与公司在相应旅游目的地的社会嵌入度相一致的各种可能性。