This article builds on recent work on the Carolingian economy by giving an overview of landholding patterns and associated economic activity in the Loire valley in the ninth and tenth centuries. It demonstrates that only individuals and institutions with access to patronage from the royal fisc possessed large, unified estates; the majority of land was held as small, fragmented farmsteads. Moreover, these small parcels of land changed hands on a regular basis through grants and leases, allowing investment, agricultural development, and social and material returns for their owners. The article suggests that these small-scale property transactions were the basis for growth and dynamism in the late Carolingian economy.

中文翻译：

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卢瓦尔河谷的土地所有权和加洛林晚期经济（c.840-c.1000）

本文以最近关于加洛林经济的研究为基础，概述了 9 世纪和 10 世纪卢瓦尔河谷的土地占有模式和相关经济活动。它表明，只有获得皇家财政资助的个人和机构才能拥有大片统一的财产；大部分土地都是分散的小农庄。此外，这些小块土地通过赠款和租赁定期易手，允许投资、农业发展以及所有者的社会和物质回报。文章表明，这些小规模的财产交易是加洛林晚期经济增长和活力的基础。