A passive sampler specifically designed to measure perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water was tested in four study areas (Ellsworth and Peterson Air Force bases, CO and SD; the Ohio River, OH, WV, KY, IN; and the Santa Ana River, CA). Locations included both groundwater and surface water locations. Over the 2-year study, 96 passive samplers were deployed at 33 sample locations and were compared with co-collected grab samples, all of which were measured for 19 PFAS analytes by HPLC–MS/MS. Correlations were observed (typically within 2× difference) between aqueous PFAS concentrations measured by passive versus discrete grab samples across over 5 orders of magnitude in concentration (0.5 to 150,000 ng/L). Overall relative percent difference between grab and passive results displayed a median of 18% (interquartile range of −19 to 73%). Detection limits were around 1 ng/L for a 2-week sampling time with sampling rates ranging from 12 to 70 mL/day in flowing systems. Duplicate samplers were deployed in all study areas which indicated a 14 to 42% (median 24%) relative standard deviation in the precision of passive sampling. Larger variances were seen with sites with higher and potentially more variable water flows. A sub-set of duplicate samplers were measured by a commercial laboratory which returned equivalent data to research laboratory measurements (43 [±26 SD]% relative percent difference). Standardized protocols and calculation methods were developed to facilitate expanded testing and future broader use of passive sampling for PFAS by site investigators.

中文翻译：

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使用改性有机二氧化硅吸附剂测量水中全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质的 Sentinel™ 集成被动采样器的现场评估

专门设计用于测量水中全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 的被动采样器在四个研究区域（科罗拉多州和南达科他州的埃尔斯沃斯和彼得森空军基地；俄亥俄河，俄亥俄州、西弗吉尼亚州、肯塔基州、印第安纳州；以及圣安娜）进行了测试。河，加利福尼亚州）。地点包括地下水和地表水地点。在为期 2 年的研究中，在 33 个样本地点部署了 96 个被动采样器，并与共同采集的抓取样本进行了比较，所有样本均通过 HPLC-MS/MS 测量了 19 种 PFAS 分析物。观察到被动样品与离散样品测量的水性 PFAS 浓度之间存在超过 5 个数量级的相关性（通常在 2 倍差异内）（0.5 至 150,000 ng/L）。抓取结果和被动结果之间的总体相对百分比差异的中位数为 18%（四分位数范围为 -19% 至 73%）。在流动系统中，采样率为 12 至 70 mL/天，两周采样时间的检测限约为 1 ng/L。所有研究区域均部署了重复采样器，表明被动采样精度的相对标准偏差为 14% 至 42%（中位数 24%）。水流量较高且可能变化较大的地点的差异较大。商业实验室测量了重复采样器的子集，该实验室将等效数据返回给研究实验室测量（43 [±26 SD]% 相对百分比差异）。制定了标准化协议和计算方法，以促进现场调查人员扩大测试和未来更广泛地使用 PFAS 被动采样。