Interactions between gut microbiome and host immune system are fundamental to maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier and homeostasis. At the host-gut microbiome interface, cell wall-derived molecules from gut commensal bacteria have been reported to play a pivotal role in training and remodeling host immune responses. In this article, we review gut bacterial cell wall-derived molecules with characterized chemical structures, including peptidoglycan and lipid-related molecules that impact host health and disease processes via regulating innate and adaptive immunity. Also, we aim to discuss the structures, immune responses, and underlying mechanisms of these immunogenic molecules. Based on current advances, we propose cell wall-derived components as important sources of medicinal agents for the treatment of infection and immune diseases.

中文翻译：

---

与肠道细菌细胞壁相关的免疫原性分子：化学结构、免疫调节功能和机制。

肠道微生物组和宿主免疫系统之间的相互作用是维持肠粘膜屏障和体内平衡的基础。据报道，在宿主-肠道微生物组界面，来自肠道共生细菌的细胞壁衍生分子在训练和重塑宿主免疫反应中发挥着关键作用。在本文中，我们回顾了具有特征化学结构的肠道细菌细胞壁衍生分子，包括肽聚糖和脂质相关分子，它们通过调节先天性和适应性免疫来影响宿主健康和疾病过程。此外，我们的目标是讨论这些免疫原性分子的结构、免疫反应和潜在机制。基于目前的进展，我们建议细胞壁衍生成分作为治疗感染和免疫疾病的药物的重要来源。