Functional localization is a central aim of cognitive neuroscience. But the nature and extent of functional localization in the human brain have been subjects of fierce theoretical debate since the 19^th Century. In this essay, I first examine how concepts of functional localization have changed over time. I then analyze contemporary challenges to functional localization drawing from research on neural reuse, neural degeneracy, and the context-dependence of neural functions. I explore the consequences of these challenges for topics in philosophy of science and philosophy of mind including localizationist versus anti-localizationist approaches to cognitive neuroscience, multiple realizability, reverse inference in functional neuroimaging, and the modularity of mind.

中文翻译：

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不断发展的功能本地化概念

功能定位是认知神经科学的中心目标。^{但自 19世纪}以来，人脑功能定位的性质和范围一直是激烈的理论争论的主题。在这篇文章中，我首先研究了功能本地化的概念是如何随着时间发生变化的。然后，我从对神经重用、神经退化和神经功能的上下文依赖性的研究中分析了功能定位的当代挑战。我探讨了这些挑战对科学哲学和心灵哲学主题的影响，包括认知神经科学的本地化与反本地化方法、多重可实现性、功能神经成像中的反向推理以及思维的模块化。