This study compared patterns of nonselective cross-language activation in L1 and L2 visual word recognition with different-script bilinguals. The aim was to determine (1) whether lexical processing is nonselective in the L1 (as in L2), and (2) if the same cross-linguistic factors affected processing similarly in each language. To examine the time course of activation, eye movements were tracked during lexical decision. Thirty-two Japanese–English bilinguals responded to 250 target words in Japanese and in English. The same participants and items (i.e., cognate translation equivalents) were used to directly compare L1 and L2 processing. Response latencies as well as eye movements representing early and late processing were analyzed using mixed-effects regression modeling. Similar cross-linguistic effects, namely cognate word frequency, phonological similarity, and semantic similarity, were found in both languages. These factors affected processing to different degrees in each language, however. While cognate frequency was significant as early as the first fixation, effects of cross-linguistic phonological and semantic similarity arose later in time. Increased phonological similarity slowed responses in L2 but speeded them in L1, while greater semantic overlap was facilitatory in both languages. Results are discussed from the perspective of the BIA+ model of visual word recognition.

本研究比较了不同文字双语者在 L1 和 L2 视觉单词识别中的非选择性跨语言激活模式。目的是确定 (1) 词汇处理在 L1 中是否是非选择性的（如在 L2 中），以及 (2) 相同的跨语言因素是否对每种语言的处理产生类似的影响。为了检查激活的时间过程，在词汇决策过程中跟踪眼球运动。32 名日英双语者用日语和英语回答了 250 个目标词。使用相同的参与者和项目（即同源翻译等价物）来直接比较 L1 和 L2 处理。使用混合效应回归模型分析了响应延迟以及代表早期和晚期处理的眼球运动。类似的跨语言效应，即同源词频，在两种语言中都发现了语音相似性和语义相似性。然而，这些因素在不同程度上影响了每种语言的处理。虽然同源频率早在第一次注视时就很重要，但跨语言语音和语义相似性的影响后来才出现。语音相似性的增加会减慢第二语言的反应速度，但会加快第一语言的反应速度，而更大的语义重叠则有助于两种语言的反应。从视觉单词识别的 BIA+ 模型的角度讨论结果。跨语言的语音和语义相似性的影响后来才出现。语音相似性的增加会减慢第二语言的反应速度，但会加快第一语言的反应速度，而更大的语义重叠则有助于两种语言的反应。从视觉单词识别的 BIA+ 模型的角度讨论结果。跨语言的语音和语义相似性的影响后来才出现。语音相似性的增加会减慢第二语言的反应速度，但会加快第一语言的反应速度，而更大的语义重叠则有助于两种语言的反应。从视觉单词识别的 BIA+ 模型的角度讨论结果。