As COVID-19 was a highly novel virus in 2019, it brought risks that are difficult to quantify and rampant uncertainty to the fore. We focus on how leaders navigate such an uncertain context. Drawing upon appraisal theories of emotions, we first argue that under the context of high uncertainty, leaders experience emotions relating to their perceptions of (un)controllability: anxiety and hope. We predict that these have differential behavioural consequences; leaders' anxiety about the pandemic relates to abusive supervision, whereas leaders' hope relates to family-supportive supervision. Integrating research on gender roles, we theorize that counter to common stereotypes, men's leadership would be more affected by their emotions. At the same time, women would provide leadership behaviours needed by their followers irrespective of their emotions; namely, refraining from abusive and providing family-supportive supervision. Our hypotheses were supported using a sample of 137 leader-follower dyads in the early phases of the pandemic. Our research has significant implications for appraisal theories of emotions by demonstrating that the behaviours of women, compared to men, may be less affected by their emotions. These findings present a significant departure from previous literature by revealing an important boundary condition of appraisal theories of emotions.

中文翻译：

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领导应对 COVID-19 的不确定性：领导者情绪和性别对虐待和家庭支持监督行为的共同影响

由于 COVID-19 在 2019 年是一种高度新颖的病毒，它带来了难以量化的风险和猖獗的不确定性。我们关注领导者如何驾驭这种不确定的环境。借鉴情绪评估理论，我们首先论证，在高度不确定的背景下，领导者会体验到与他们对（不可）可控性的感知相关的情绪：焦虑和希望。我们预测这些会产生不同的行为后果；领导者对疫情的焦虑与虐待式监督有关，而领导者的希望与家庭支持式监督有关。结合对性别角色的研究，我们推测，与普遍的刻板印象相反，男性的领导力更容易受到情绪的影响。同时，女性会提供其追随者所需的领导行为，而不管她们的情绪如何；即，避免虐待和提供家庭支持性监督。在大流行的早期阶段，我们的假设得到了 137 个领导者-追随者二人组样本的支持。我们的研究表明，与男性相比，女性的行为受情绪影响较小，因此对情绪评估理论具有重要意义。这些发现揭示了情绪评估理论的重要边界条件，与以往的文献存在重大差异。我们的研究表明，与男性相比，女性的行为受情绪影响较小，因此对情绪评估理论具有重要意义。这些发现揭示了情绪评估理论的重要边界条件，与以往的文献存在重大差异。我们的研究表明，与男性相比，女性的行为受情绪影响较小，因此对情绪评估理论具有重要意义。这些发现揭示了情绪评估理论的重要边界条件，与以往的文献存在重大差异。