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CHAOTIC DYNAMICS OF A STAGE-STRUCTURED PREY–PREDATOR SYSTEM WITH HUNTING COOPERATION AND FEAR IN PRESENCE OF TWO DISCRETE DELAYS
Journal of Biological Systems ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-17 , DOI: 10.1142/s0218339023500213
SOUMITRA PAL 1 , ASHVINI GUPTA 2 , ARVIND KUMAR MISRA 1 , BALRAM DUBEY 2
Affiliation  

Depending on behavioral differences, reproductive capability and dependency, the life span of a species is divided mainly into two classes, namely immature and mature. In this paper, we have studied the dynamics of a predator–prey system considering stage structure in prey and the effect of predator-induced fear with two discrete time delays: maturation delay and fear response delay. We consider that predators cooperate during hunting of mature prey and also include its impact in fear term. The conditions for existence of different equilibria, their stability analysis are carried out for non-delayed system and bifurcation results are presented extensively. It is observed that the fear parameter has stabilizing effect whereas the cooperative hunting factor having destabilizing effect on the system via occurrence of supercritical Hopf-bifurcation. Further, we observe that the system exhibits backward bifurcation between interior equilibrium and predator free equilibrium and hence the situation of bi-stability occurs in the system. Thereafter, we differentiate the region of stability and instability in bi-parametric space. We have also studied the system’s dynamics with respect to maturation and fear response delay and observed that they also play a vital role in the system stability and occurrence of Hopf-bifurcation is shown with respect to both time delays. The system shows stability switching phenomenon and even higher values of fear response delay leads the system to enter in chaotic regime. The role of fear factor in switching phenomenon is discussed. Comprehensive numerical simulation and graphical presentation are carried out using MATLAB and MATCONT.



中文翻译:

在存在两个离散延迟的情况下具有狩猎合作和恐惧的阶段结构猎物-捕食者系统的混沌动力学

根据行为差异、繁殖能力和依赖性,一个物种的寿命主要分为两类,即未成熟和成熟。在本文中,我们研究了考虑猎物阶段结构的捕食者-猎物系统的动力学,以及捕食者引起的恐惧对两个离散时间延迟的影响:成熟延迟和恐惧反应延迟。我们认为捕食者在捕猎成熟猎物时会合作,并将其影响包括在恐惧术语中。对非时滞系统进行了不同平衡点存在的条件及其稳定性分析,并广泛地给出了分岔结果。据观察,恐惧参数具有稳定作用,而合作狩猎因子通过超临界 Hopf 分岔的发生对系统具有不稳定作用。此外,我们观察到系统在内部平衡和无捕食者平衡之间表现出向后分叉,因此系统出现双稳态。此后,我们区分双参数空间中的稳定区域和不稳定区域。我们还研究了系统在成熟和恐惧反应延迟方面的动力学,并观察到它们在系统稳定性中也起着至关重要的作用,并且在两个时间延迟方面都显示了 Hopf 分岔的发生。系统表现出稳定性切换现象,甚至更高的恐惧反应延迟值导致系统进入混沌状态。讨论了恐惧因素在转换现象中的作用。使用 MATLAB 和 MATCONT 进行全面的数值模拟和图形表示。我们观察到系统在内部平衡和捕食者自由平衡之间表现出向后分叉,因此系统出现双稳态。此后,我们区分双参数空间中的稳定区域和不稳定区域。我们还研究了系统在成熟和恐惧反应延迟方面的动力学,并观察到它们在系统稳定性中也起着至关重要的作用,并且在两个时间延迟方面都显示了 Hopf 分岔的发生。系统表现出稳定性切换现象,甚至更高的恐惧反应延迟值导致系统进入混沌状态。讨论了恐惧因素在转换现象中的作用。使用 MATLAB 和 MATCONT 进行全面的数值模拟和图形表示。我们观察到系统在内部平衡和捕食者自由平衡之间表现出向后分叉,因此系统出现双稳态。此后,我们区分双参数空间中的稳定区域和不稳定区域。我们还研究了系统在成熟和恐惧反应延迟方面的动力学,并观察到它们在系统稳定性中也起着至关重要的作用,并且在两个时间延迟方面都显示了 Hopf 分岔的发生。系统表现出稳定性切换现象,甚至更高的恐惧反应延迟值导致系统进入混沌状态。讨论了恐惧因素在转换现象中的作用。使用 MATLAB 和 MATCONT 进行全面的数值模拟和图形表示。

更新日期:2023-04-17
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