Recent studies have warned about the close relationship between populism and nationalism. This article offers an empirical contribution to the examination of this relationship by analysing the presence of populist and nationalist elements in the official speeches of the outgoing Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro. We make two contributions to this expanding literature. First, we show that the supposed ambiguity between populism and nationalism can be resolved by an approach that clearly separates the two concepts. Second, we find that Bolsonaro is more populist than nationalist. His populism has elements in common with other European populist leaders (attacking political parties and the political class), but he distances himself from them by presenting authoritarian traits. Nativism is completely absent (unlike in Europe), but ‘sovereignism’ (‘us’ vs. ‘other nations or institutions’) and ‘civilisationism’ (‘us’ vs. ‘minorities’) sometimes overlap with populism. We conclude that a tension exists between populism and nationalism that can endanger the ‘good’ relationship between the populist leader and their supporters. This is something that future research on populism should consider.

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民粹主义与民族主义之间的联系：来自雅伊尔·博尔索纳罗演讲的证据

最近的研究警告民粹主义和民族主义之间的密切关系。本文通过分析即将卸任的巴西总统雅伊尔·博尔索纳罗的官方讲话中民粹主义和民族主义元素的存在，为检验这种关系提供了实证贡献。我们对这一不断扩展的文献做出了两项贡献。首先，我们表明，民粹主义和民族主义之间所谓的模糊性可以通过明确区分这两个概念的方法来解决。其次，我们发现博尔索纳罗的民粹主义倾向多于民族主义者。他的民粹主义与其他欧洲民粹主义领导人有共同点（攻击政党和政治阶层），但他通过呈现独裁特征来与他们保持距离。本土主义完全不存在（与欧洲不同），但“主权主义”（“我们”与“其他国家或机构”）和“文明主义”（“我们”与“少数群体”）有时与民粹主义重叠。我们的结论是，民粹主义和民族主义之间存在紧张关系，这可能会危及民粹主义领导人与其支持者之间的“良好”关系。这是未来民粹主义研究应该考虑的问题。