While the early phase of the Semantic Web put emphasis on conceptual modeling through ontology classes, and the recent years saw the rise of loosely structured, instance-level knowledge graphs (used even for modeling concepts), in this paper, we focus on a third kind of concept modeling: via code lists, primarily those embedded in ontologies and vocabularies. We attempt to characterize the candidate structures for code lists based on our observations in OWL ontologies. Our main contribution is then an approach implemented as a series of SPARQL queries and a lightweight web application that can be used to browse and detect potential code lists in ontologies and vocabularies, in order to extract and enhance them, and to store them in a stand-alone knowledge base. The application allows inspecting query results coming from the Linked Open Vocabularies catalog dataset. In addition, we describe a complementary bottom-up analysis of potential code lists. We also provide in this paper a demonstration of the dominant nature of embedded codes from the aspect of ontological universals and their alternatives for modeling code lists.

虽然语义网的早期阶段强调通过本体类进行概念建模，并且近年来出现了结构松散的实例级知识图（甚至用于概念建模），但在本文中，我们关注第三种方法一种概念建模：通过代码列表，主要是那些嵌入在本体论和词汇表中的代码列表。我们试图根据我们在 OWL 本体中的观察来描述代码列表的候选结构。我们的主要贡献是一种实现为一系列 SPARQL 查询的方法和一个轻量级 Web 应用程序，可用于浏览和检测本体和词汇表中的潜在代码列表，以提取和增强它们，并将它们存储在一个支架中- 单独的知识库。该应用程序允许检查来自 Linked Open Vocabularies 目录数据集的查询结果。此外，我们描述了对潜在代码列表的自下而上的补充分析。我们还在本文中提供了从本体论普遍性及其建模代码列表的替代方案方面对嵌入式代码的主导性质的证明。