This article traces the emergence of juvenile delinquency as a legal and medical category in Hashemite Iraq (1921–58). We argue that as children and youth became increasingly visible through actions and inactions that highlighted the weaknesses of political and social structures, state institutions adopted international frameworks and vernaculars concerning the participation of youth in labor. Medicine played a key role in defining the “juvenile” and determining young people’s physical abilities and, by extension, their productive potential. Focusing on children and youth who were for the most part unaffiliated with organized political groups, the article demonstrates that Iraq’s correctional facilities, including reformatories, were integral to the Hashemite state’s attempt at crafting and regulating citizens. Juvenile delinquency was also a uniquely gendered and classed category. Gender in particular became a distinguishing marker that in effect deprived young women and girls of the juvenile status that allowed mostly lower-class young men and boys to access reformatories rather than adult prisons. While defiant young men and boys who were considered as potentially redeemable gained access to judicial and social institutions that aimed to rehabilitate the juvenile delinquent, the crimes of young women and girls were often sexualized and assessed according to interpretations of maturity determined by the onset of puberty rather than legal age.

中文翻译：

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创造年轻罪犯：伊拉克哈希姆青少年犯罪的法律和医学分类，1921-1958

本文追溯了青少年犯罪作为法律和医学类别在哈希姆伊拉克 (1921–58) 中的出现。我们认为，随着儿童和青年通过突出政治和社会结构弱点的作为和不作为而变得越来越明显，国家机构采用了关于青年参与劳动的国际框架和方言。医学在定义“少年”和确定年轻人的身体能力以及进而确定他们的生产潜力方面发挥了关键作用。这篇文章着眼于大部分与有组织的政治团体无关的儿童和青年，表明伊拉克的惩教设施，包括感化院，是哈希姆国家培养和规范公民的努力不可或缺的一部分。少年犯罪也是一个独特的性别和分类类别。性别尤其成为一个明显的标志，实际上剥夺了年轻妇女和女孩的少年地位，而这种地位使大多数下层青年男子和男孩能够进入感化院而不是成人监狱。虽然被认为具有潜在救赎潜力的挑衅青年男子和男孩获得了司法和社会机构的帮助，这些机构旨在改造少年犯而不是法定年龄。性别尤其成为一个明显的标志，实际上剥夺了年轻妇女和女孩的少年地位，而这种地位使大多数下层青年男子和男孩能够进入感化院而不是成人监狱。虽然被认为具有潜在救赎潜力的挑衅青年男子和男孩获得了司法和社会机构的帮助，这些机构旨在改造少年犯而不是法定年龄。性别尤其成为一个明显的标志，实际上剥夺了年轻妇女和女孩的少年地位，而这种地位使大多数下层青年男子和男孩能够进入感化院而不是成人监狱。虽然被认为具有潜在救赎潜力的挑衅青年男子和男孩获得了司法和社会机构的帮助，这些机构旨在改造少年犯而不是法定年龄。